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Adaptations - Coggle Diagram
Adaptations
Cardiovascular
Cardiac cycle
Heart size increases, particularly the chambers, allowing a greater stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate.
lowers systolic blood pressure as less arterial
pressure is needed to pump an increased volume of blood through the aorta
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Overall, the cardiovascular system becomes more efficient and able to deliver a greater volume of oxygen and
nutrients to working muscles.
Sinoatrial node
Training causes an increase in the parasympathetic activity of the heart, decreasing the sinoatrial node’s firing rate
and slowing or lowering resting heart rate.
Blood composition
Exercise raises the amount of proteins in blood plasma causing water retention and elevating blood volume.
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Diffusion rate
Long-term exercise can lead to the development of a capillary network to a part of the body- higher diffusion rate
Skeletal
Osteoblast, osteoclast and
osteocyte activity
Osteoblasts migrate to the surface of the bone, making it more dense allowing the manufacture of new
cells at the outer layer known as the periosteum
Mineral content
Long-term exercise slows skeletal ageing. People who maintain active lifestyles have greater bone mass.
Exercise of moderate intensity provides a safe and potent stimulus to maintain and increase bone mass.
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Respiratory
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Lung volume
adaptations
Tidal volume can increase dramatically, to approximately 1 litre for an average adult and 2 litres for an elite
athlete.
Vital capacity can increase allowing for deeper and more oxygen-rich breaths. Residual volume is also likely to
increase in proportion to this increase.
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Respiratory rate
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undertaking long-term exercise increases, so their respiratory rate can decrease for normal breathing but has the
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