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ORANG ASLI - Coggle Diagram
ORANG ASLI
GROUP OF ORANG ASLI:
- Senoi, Negrito and Aboriginal Malay
- 19 sub-ethnics group
- Population numbers about 150,000(0.5%)
- Dec 1941 to Feb 1942
Japanese invaders swept from Kota Bharu in the north to Singapore
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- Proto-Malays close contact with Modern Malays
- Many has convert to Islam
- The Senoi and the Negrito more isolated from outside world.
- But, there are evidence of Senoi contact with the outside world.
- They obtained commodities (salt, jungle knives/parang & metal axe).
- They selling/exchanged it with (rotan, jelutong, bamboo, etc)
- Some of them worked from time to time (labourers in the estate, timber sites or other enterprises).
- The Malays depended on the Orang Asli as (primary source) of forest products.
- (rattan, resin, gutta percha and sandalwood).
- Munshi Abdullah saw Jakun trade and work in gold mines.
- Orang Laut with their diving and swimming skills (provided marine produce akar bahar/coral, tripang/sea slug, ingredients of Chinese food.soup).
In N9, Biduanda Waris called as the descendants of the Orang Asli. He held an administrative region (16th century).
- Si Puntum kill James Birch was the henchmen of Maharaja Lela.
SLAVERY (long history in South East Asia).
- Widespread in the Malay States (19th Century).
Many types of slaves, but it divided into 2 main classes.
- Ordinary Slaves (abdi)
- Debtor Slaves (orang berhutang)
- As infidels (kafir), Orang Asli could be captured
and enslaves.
- There were n socials, religious or legal obstacles to discourage them from doing it.
- Children, desirable by the slave hunters.
- as adults were considered too old to escape the hills and forests.
Report of the Resident in Pahang (1890): the "Sakai" and "Semang" in the state were:
" Enslaved and trampled down by the Malay
who anually force them to yield up to two-thirds
of their crops for no adequate return."
CONTACT WITH CHINESE
**- The Chinese had less contact with the Orang Asli.
- They concentrate in urban centres and tin-mining districts.**
- However, Chinese traders (cultivators & timber workers) did.
- They deals with jungle people and the relationship were generally friendly and mutually advantageous.
- Some of them married into Orang Asli communities, learnt (languages, lived together).
- The friendly connections between Chinese and Orang Asli cause great assistance of Chinese-dominated military and political organisations which fled in the jungle (Japanese Occupation).
- Immense value to the Communist insurgents during the Emergency Period.
- Orang Asli leadership roles even oversaw Malay subjects.
- Ex: Hang Tuah(Orang Laut) native to Melaka. He was a Laksamana and responsible to command the Orang Laut for the defence of the kingdom during war.
- Malays abuse the Orang Asli.
- The timidity and isolation of Orang Asli reflected their deeprooted and justified fears of Malays who exploited and oppressed the Orang Asli.
Selangor Secretariat voluminous files include abundant evidence of Malay dishonesty & abuse the Orang Asli.
- Habitually cheated when they disposed of jungle produce
- Sometimes refused payment after performing services
- frequently robbed their crops of 'durian' and other fruits.
1948 -1960
- For 12 years, challenge and defeat of the Communist forces had rearmed and reorganised the demobilisation after the capitulation of Japan.
- The government's interests in the Orang Asli was seen as critical matter of national security.
- For the first time, Orang Asli were the main interest of the British administration.
- The welfare of Orang Asli came under the jurisdiction of the Department of Social Welfare.
Major P.D.R. William Hunt was appointed in 1950s as First Federal Adviser on Aborigines. Along with this. Department for the Welfare of Aborigine was created.
- The OA was resettled into camps that surrounded by barbed wire to prevent them from escaping.
- It was hoped that the majority of the jungle people leave their natural environment and resettling camps during the time of Emergency.
- but, some of them died and not survive the experience.
- Bukit Betong resettlement camp in Pahang which was occupied by the Semai (1950s).
-24 deaths out of 217. one year later (1951) the death rate reached 204.
Department of Aborigines
- (early 1953s), its function is advisory role.
- (end 1953), it was reorganised and expanded.
- Security Forces and the Administration was created resulting of the commitments from the Emergency.
- (end 1954), the Department reach an expansion of responsible to provision of education, welfare, and medical facilities in Orang Asli areas.
The Aboriginal Peoples Ordinance 1954 (NO.3) covered the whole of the Federation of Malaya and introduces no of provision for the protection of the Orang Asli.
1957: Federation of Malaya gained independence
1960: Emergency was declared over by the YDP Agong
- In a speech in parliament (1961), YDP Agong stated:
"My government is... engaged in evolving a long term policy for the administration and advancement of the aborigines... The ultimate objectives must be *to absorb these people into the stream of national life in a way, and at a pace, which will adopt and not destroy their traditional way of living and culture"
- Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli was formed.
- Sum of M$ 1,500,000 was allocated under the 2nd 5 year Plan to projects intended to benefit the OA.
- (1961), the newly independent government, through the Ministry of Interior published a "Statement of policy regarding the administration of aborigine people of the federation of Malaya".
The document consists of:
- continue to protect Orang Asli rights.
- The aborigine being one of the ethnics minorities that must be allowed an equal rights and opportunities with the law grants to other sections of community.
POST-EMERGENCY PERIOD TODAY
- But despite these, the Orang Asli continue to be one of the most marginalised groups in Malaysia.
- Orang Asli- 50% of the households live below the poverty line.
- 19% considered hardcore poor
- national poverty rate - 3.8% poverty
-0.7% hardcore poor.
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