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Death Investigation, LEGEND, Made by: Tiana Manias Student #:1007668418 …

- - - - Due to natural disease or complication
      - Coroner lead
    - - Not caused by a purposeful lethal act
      - Coroner lead
    - - Inadequate evidence to properly classify
        
        E.g Skeletal remains
      - Evidence for two means are equal or almost equal
        
        E.g Vehicle collision
      - Standard of proof (McDougall)
        
        Balance of probabilities based on...
        
        Careful scrutiny
        
        Relevant evidence
        
        Sufficiently clear, convincing and cogent
      - Probabilities based on facts and evidence
        
        Best analysis of all evidence
        
        Meaningful determination
      - Positive finding
      - Coroner lead
    - - Police lead
      - Purposeful lethal act against another person
    - - Caused by a purposeful lethal act
        
        Self-inflicted
        
        Self-harm
        
        Awareness of consequences
        
        Not needed
        
        Sobriety
        
        Suicide note
        
        Careful/understandable decision
        
        Minimum age 10 years
        
        Problems
        
        Family resists finding suicide
        
        Refuse autopsy
        
        Scene altered
        
        Recollections altered by grief and guilt
      - Apparent suicides
        
        Full investigation
        
        Rule out: homicide, natural, accident
        
        Postmortem examination required
      - Coroner lead
  - - - "Fresh"
        
        Immediately after death
      - "Bloated"
        
        Accumulation of gasses due to anaerobic bacteria
      - "Active decay"
        
        Deflation of body due to insect activity
      - "Advanced decay"
        
        Large amount of tissue removed, moist tissue
      - "Dry" or "Skeletonisation"
        
        Carcass reduced to bone
    - - Changes in the body
        
        Rigor mortis = stiffening
        
        Algor mortis = cooling
        
        Livor mortis= colour from blood pooling
        
        Adipocere = waxy
        
        Putrefaction = tissue break down because of organism
        
        Atolisis = enzyme breakdown
      - Early
        
        Insect development
        
        Dipteran larval development
        
        Regression analysis
        
        Time for species to get to that stage at that temperature?
        
        Oldest maggots
        
        Species present
      - Later
        
        Insect succession
        
        Sequence of species
        
        dependent on...
  - - - Species of insects
        
        Indicates movement
      - rate of...
    - - Clandestine graves
        
        indicators
        
        Abnormal animal activity
        
        Point of interest
        
        Documentation
        
        Photos
        
        Videos
        
        Maps
        
        Clear perimeter
        
        Secure area
        
        1 more item...
        
        Abnormal insect activity
        
        Abnormal plant growth
      - Forensic taphonomy
        
        confirms...
        
        Position of bones
        
        Coloring of bones
        
        Weathering of bones
  - - - Fingerprint
      - Odontology
      - Radiology
      - DNA
        
        Larval tissue
      - Medical hardware
    - - biological profiling
        
        Sex
        
        Large = male
        
        Gracile = female
        
        Shape and size
        
        Skull
        
        Pelvis
        
        Sexual dimorphism
        
        Age
        
        Dental eruption
        
        Epiphyseal union
        
        Cranial structure closure
        
        Ancestry
        
        Metric and Morphological
        
        Asian
        
        African
        
        European
        
        Multi-ethnic
        
        Stature
        
        Bone lengths
      - Scars
      - Piercing
      - Tattoos
      - Clothing
      - Documents
  - - - History, scene and circumstances
        
        Medical history
        
        gain access through...
        
        Social history
        
        Environment
        
        Body position
        
        Clothing
        
        Medications
        
        Illicit drugs
        
        Weapons
      - Injury analysis
        
        Blunt force
        
        Abrasion= removal of the superficial layer of the skin
        
        Caused by friction against a rough surface
        
        Scrape
        
        Brush
        
        Impact
        
        Patterened
        
        Contusion
        
        Rupture of blood vessels in soft tissue
        
        Bruise
        
        Laceration
        
        Tear in tissue
        
        caused by...
        
        Shearing
        
        Crushing
        
        Fracture = break in bone
        
        Trauma analysis of bones
        
        uses principles of bone mechanics
        
        can determine...
        
        4 more items...
        
        Patterned = combination of blunt force injuries
        
        Sharp force
        
        Stab
        
        Depth of wound track in body exceeds length in skin
        
        Incisison
        
        Length of wound in skin exceeds depth in body
        
        Chop
        
        Wound produced by heavy cutting instrument
        
        Combination of blunt force and sharp
        
        caused by...
        
        Hacking/crushing
        
        Therapeutic/ diagnostic injury
        
        Created by medical personnel
        
        Defense wounds
        
        usually on...
        
        Hands
        
        Forearms
        
        Soles of feet
        
        Inner thighs
        
        sex-related crimes
        
        Firearm
        
        injury dependent on ...
        
        Ammunition used
        
        Firing range
        
        Distance between muzzle and impacted tissue
        
        Contact
        
        1 more item...
        
        Close
        
        1 more item...
        
        Intermediate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Distant
        
        2 more items...
        
        Soot pattern analysis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Types of firearms
        
        Handgun
        
        Single-shot
        
        Derringer
        
        Revolver
        
        Auto-loading pistols
        
        Rifle
        
        Shotgun
        
        Birdshot
        
        Buckshot
        
        Slug
        
        Submachine gun
        
        Machine gun
        
        Serial number restoration
        
        Chemical etching
        
        Magnets
        
        Toolmark examination
        
        Entrance wound
        
        Circular/ punched out
        
        Internal beveling
        
        Exit wound
        
        Irregular/ slit like
        
        External beveling
        
        "Lead snowstorm"
        
        Metal left in body
        
        X-rays
        
        Were ammunition components fired from an individuals gun?
        
        Asphyxia
        
        Failure to breath
        
        Mechanical
        
        Pressure on the outside of the body
        
        Traumatic asphyxia
        
        1 more item...
        
        Positional asphyxia
        
        1 more item...
        
        Crush asphyxia
        
        1 more item...
        
        External compression
        
        Pressure on neck
        
        Manual
        
        Ligature strangulation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Choke holds
        
        Autoerotic
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hanging
        
        1 more item...
        
        Chemical
        
        Oxygen replaced by other gases...
        
        Carbon monoxide
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hydrogen sulfide
        
        Cyanide
        
        1 more item...
        
        Plastic bag
        
        Occlusion of external airways
        
        Smothering
        
        Hand
        
        Fabric
        
        Gagging
        
        Drowning
        
        "Plume" of froth
        
        Hyperinflated lungs
        
        Occlusion of internal airways
        
        Larynx
        
        Trachea
        
        blocked by...
        
        3 more items...
        
        Pharynx
        
        Bronchi
        
        Enviroment
        
        Cold environment
        
        Hypothermia/ frost bite
        
        Wischnewsky lesions in gastric lining
        
        Hot environment
        
        Heat stroke/Hyperthermia
        
        Children and pets in hot cars= environmental hyperthermia
        
        Is treatable and preventable
        
        Hydration
        
        Medical treatment
        
        Fire
        
        External examination
        
        Boxer stance
        
        Heat effects flexors more then extensor muscle groups
        
        4 more items...
        
        Charred bodies
        
        Loss of phalanges on hands and feet
        
        Skin burn marks
        
        Longitudinal splits in skin
        
        Abdominal contents protrude
        
        Extremities examination
        
        Soft tissues burn away, bones split
        
        Eyes are white
        
        Internal examination
        
        Skull
        
        Heat pushes blood out of bone marrow=epidural/extradural hematoma
        
        Trachea
        
        Soot lining airways
        
        Edema and erythema
        
        Brain swells
        
        Organs shrink due to water loss
        
        Fire death = fire marshal lead investigations
        
        Electricity
        
        Lichtenberg figure
        
        Disappears with time
        
        Dating injuries based on...
        
        Microscopic examination of tissues
        
        Hemorrhage
        
        Inflammation
        
        Healing?
      - Internal examination
        
        Dissect organs and look for disease
        
        Did they contribute to cause of death?
        
        Are they heritable?
        
        Examining systems of the body
      - Ancillary studies
        
        Toxicology
        
        Alcohol testing
        
        Blood
        
        Blood alcohol kit
        
        Breath
        
        Intoxilyzer 8000C
        
        Convert breath alcohol concentration to blood alcohol concentration
        
        Back projections
        
        Determines blood alcohol concentration at an earlier timer
        
        Forward projections
        
        Determines blood alcohol level at a later time
        
        Drug testing specimens...
        
        Urine
        
        Stomach contents
        
        Liver
        
        Vitreous humor
        
        Hematoma
        
        Blood
        
        Firing distance determination
        
        Microscopy
        
        Optical microscopes
        
        Low magnification
        
        Stereomicroscope
        
        High magnification
        
        Scanning Electron Microscope
        
        Wide range of magnification
        
        Electrons to form image
        
        Observing trace evidence
        
        Glass
        
        Metals
        
        Hair
        
        Textile damage
        
        Fire debris analysis
        
        Explosives
        
        Paint
        
        Biology
        
        Bodily fluid identification
        
        Clothing
        
        Swabs
        
        Weapons
        
        Visual ID
        
        Microscope
        
        ALS
        
        Chemical tests
        
        Blood
        
        Kastle-Meyer test
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        Human blood
        
        ABA card
        
        Hematrace
        
        High volume service
        
        Break & enter
        
        Drugs
        
        Theft
        
        Weapon offences
        
        Swabs
        
        Cigarette butts
        
        Envelopes
        
        Violent crime services
        
        Homicides
        
        Sexual assaults
        
        Creation of DNA profiles
        
        Centre of Receiving Office
        
        Initiate the chain of custody
        
        Laboratory Information Management System
        
        Histology
        
        Biochemistry
        
        Microbiology
        
        Molecular analysis
      - Clinicopathologic findings
        
        Written report for cause of death
        
        Expert testimony
  - - - Body possession/ examination
      - Postmortem examination
      - Burial
    - - Seize medical records
      - Exhume
      - Extract information
  - - - Required by law
    - - Coroner initiates