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Migration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 47 million immigrants as of 2015.
      - This represents 19.1% of the 244 million international migrants worldwide, 14.4% of the U.S. population
      - Immigrants and their U.S.-born children number approximately 85.7 million people, or 26 percent of the U.S. population, according to the 2020 Current Population Survey (CPS), a slight decline from 2019
      - Located in North America, the country is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Along the northern border is Canada and the southern border is Mexico
  - - - In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009
      - In 2013 13% of the US population were immigrants - the main contributors were Mexico (28%) and India/China/Philippines (all at 5%)
        
        In 2013 there were 3 million US citizens living abroad - main destinations being Mexico/Canada/UK - explained by the large number of families moving back to Mexico and people moving to countries with strong cultural links (Canada/UK)
      - Key Pull Factors
        
        Positive immigration policy (obtaining a green card)
        
        Employment opportunities for both low and high skilled workers
        
        Opportunity to send remittances
        
        Educational opportunities and access to services such as health
        
        The policy of refugee admission
        
        Reunification of families
    - - In 2013, there was 2.98 million US citizens living abroad
        In 2018, it estimated about 4.8 million U.S. citizens abroad, of whom about 2.9 million were of voting age. FVAP's estimates also fluctuate significantly, for example it had estimated about 5.5 million in 2016
      - Mexico, Canada, UK, Puerto Rico, Germany, Australia and
        Israel
      - Main countries of origin
        
        Mexico
        
        Canada
        
        UK
        
        Puerto Rico
        
        Germany
        
        Australia
        
        Israel
      - Causes for Emigration
        
        Economic reasons include job or business opportunities, or a higher standard of living in another country
        
        Others emigrate due to marriage or partnership to a foreigner, for religious or humanitarian purposes, or to seek adventure or experience a different culture.
        
        Many decide to retire abroad seeking a lower cost of living, especially more affordable health care.
  - - -  The Immigration and Naturalisation Act is the body of law which governs immigration.
      -  Reunification of families - 480,000 visas available per year for family members to join US citizens
      -  Admission of migrants with skills valuable to the US economy - 140,000 visas available for highly skilled workers
      -  protecting refugees - 2013 it was decided the ceiling would be 70,000
    - -  Trump has focused closely on immigration since becoming president, repeating many of the same claims he made when trying be elected. He has backed proposals to cut the number of legal immigrants to the US by 50% over the next 10 years.
      -  By cracking down on immigration, he is playing to his core supporters. A Reuters/Ipsos poll in April 2018 found that 85% of Trump voters backed his hardline stance on immigration. A poll by Quinnipac University on 18 June 2018 found that 55% of Republicans backed the family separation policy
      -  Trump has focused closely on immigration since becoming president, repeating many of the same claims he made when trying be elected. He has backed proposals to cut the number of legal immigrants to the US by 50% over the next 10 years.
      -  By cracking down on immigration, he is playing to his core supporters. A Reuters/Ipsos poll in April 2018 found that 85% of Trump voters backed his hardline stance on immigration. A poll by Quinnipac University on 18 June 2018 found that 55% of Republicans backed the family separation policy
      -  Biden has so far left a Trump-era Covid-19 emergency policy in place, which allows US authorities to expel almost all undocumented migrants seeking entry - bypassing normal immigration laws and protections.
      -  Biden has decided not to refuse entry to migrant children or teenagers.
      -  Biden has proposed a major immigration bill that would offer an eight-year pathway to citizenship to the estimated 11 million undocumented people in the country
  - - -  Immigrant populations take the low paid jobs Americans find unattractive - in 2013 78% of US Mexicans were employed in services.
      -  US immigration policy also attracts highly skilled workers and well-qualified professionals - In 2013 the main employment of India (73%) and China (51%) was in business and science.
      -  Most immigrants to the USA were of young working age groups.
      - Immigrants are consumers themselves which helps with job creation
    - -  An estimated 11.5 million illegal immigrants (6 million Mexican) live in the US - many other latin American countries are trying to use Mexico as a transit country to the US -Congress strengthened border control in 2015
      -  Uneven progress of the integration of immigrant groups into US society - The size of the unauthorised population is also a barrier to social cohesion
      -  Where immigrant populations are significantly concentrated supply of resources has become an issue - Such as water in Southern California
  - - - Low skilled Mexicans, many illegal, contribute to the US economy by working in low-skilled areas
    - - Political relations remain imbalanced however there has been increased co-operation and coordination over issues such as drug trade and trafficking
    - - Since the formation of NAFTA bilateral trade between the US and Mexico has grown - Reciprocal trade accounts for $1.4 billion per day
- - - - The government work in co-operation with international NGOs and UN agencies to implement an ant-trafficking policy.
      - In 2013, 36% of the population were under 15 - therefore there are an increasing number of entrants into a country whose workforce is already limited.
      - This leads to the vulnerability of young migrants into sex and forced labour.
      - Government policies have proved ineffective as people do not obtain the required passports.
    - - Prevention - Awareness campaigns, education, child protection, alleviation of poverty reducing the need to migrate.
      - Protection - Repatriation and reintegration of returning ,migrants, including shelters for women who may need counseling.
      - Prosecution -Investigation of trafficking networks, training border officials, strengthening legal framework
      - It is to stop human trafficking as it is a rising issue
  - - - Challenges
        
         The Laos garment industry is the largest sector of manufacturing - its growth depends on improved working conditions - also the retention of young female workers who may leave for higher wages in Thailand
        
         Most economic migrants from Laos are low skilled, have limited education . and are under 18 - many travel illegally and get into sex trafficking and forced labour - Laos government policy has been difficult to implement and relies on the governance by other organisations e.g. IOM/ILO.
        
         There is a loss of skilled labourers such as carpenters in Thailand - this is set to increase due to wage differentials and freer movement in the ASEAN Economic community.
      -  The migration corridor between Laos-Thailand is one of the largest in ASEAN - it helps to stimulate trades, investment, development projects and security.
      -  Bilateral relations with Vietnam also extend beyond labour migration with 400 economic co-operation investment projects in Laos.
      -  Migrant remittances are very important with 22% of families living below the poverty line in laos.
      -  Political stability is improving between Laos, Thailand and Vietnam
- - - - As a country develops, the type of migration changes
      - In more developed states, there is a rise in international migration which increases global hub cities (e.g New York)
      - It also deepens interdependence (elite migration; Australia have a point system to decide who enters the country)
- - - - 2000-2004 – 500000 net migration loss
      - 2005-2009 – 500000 net migration loss
      - 2010-2014 – 190,000 net migration loss
      - Key links to other countries:
      - Mercosur members (Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina)- increased migration
      - USA – emigration of low skilled economic migrants is slowing down but highly skilled is increasing
      - Europe, Japan – emigration of highly skilled economic migrants and increasing
      - Haiti – increasing low skilled economic immigration for construction work
      - Africa ( using Chile and Ecuador as transit routes) – increasing immigration
- - - - Greater employment opportunities, higher wages and possibility of remittance
      - Global increase in the 21st C.
        
        In 2013, 52% of all migrants in developed countries were female/ 46% in developing countries.
        
        Female participation in international migration exceeded that of men regionally in Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania.
        
        The opposite was the case in Africa and Asia
    - - Until the second decade of the 21st century, the largest international migrant flows have been from the poorer less developed countries of the South to the wealthier more developed countries of the North