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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, EVALUATION OF ELLIS'S ABC MODEL, EVALUATION OF…
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
DEPRESSION- mood disorders, a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self esteem, lack if energy and difficulty maintaining concentration or interest in life
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS- a formal diagnosis of major depression disorder requires a presence of 5 symptoms including sadness, loss of pleasure and interest in everyday activities
BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS- changes when we suffer an episode of depression
Activity levels~ reduced energy levels and are lethargic, people tend to withdraw from work, education and social life. may refuse to get out of bed. some sufferers are unable to relax, constantly on the go = psychomotor agitation
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour~ insomnia, or increased need for sleep= hypersomnia. appetite may increase or decrease leading to weight gain/loss
Aggression and self-harm- irritable, verbally or physically aggressive. physical aggression towards self can lead to self harm
EMOTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS - lowered mood, describing self as 'worthless' 'empty'
Anger- negative emotions, directed at self and others= destructive behaviours
Lowered self-esteem~ emotional experience of how much we like ourselves, may experienced decreased self esteem. extreme cases called 'self-loathing'
Anhedonia~ no longer enjoying activities or hobbies that used to be pleasurable
COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS- concerned with the way people process information
Poor concentration~ unable to stick with tasks they would usually would or might find it difficult to make straight-forward decisions- interfere with work
Dwelling on the negative~ pay attention to negative aspects of a situation rather than positives. bias towards recalling unhappy events rather than happy ones
Absolutist thinking (black and white thinking)~ tend to think most situations are all good or all bad
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EVALUATION OF TREATMENTS
RESEARCH SUPPORT- compared the effectiveness of CBT and antidepressant drugs. 81% effectiveness rate for both. shows that CBT is as effective as anti depressant drugs
CBT MAY NOT WORK FOR SEVERE CASES- depression can be so severe for some patients that they cannot motivate themselves to engage with hard cognitive work of CBT
OVEREMPHASIS ON COGNITION- emphasis on what is happening in the mind of the individual/patient, CBT may end up minimizing the importance of the circumstance in which a patient is living. a patient living in poverty or suffering abuse needs to change their circumstances
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