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INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES - Coggle Diagram
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
Domain Name:
•Because lengthy IP address can be difficult to remember, the Internet supports domain names.
•Relationship IP address to domain name:➢ A domain name is the text version of an IP address.
•It is part of the web address that user type in a browser’s address bar to access a website.
•Example: www.google.com•
Every domain name contains a top-level domain(TLD),which is the last section of the domain name.
Top-level-domain(TLD):
•The top-level-domain(TLD) identifies the type of organization associated with the domain.
•Examples of TLD:
i..com-Commercial organizations or companies
ii..gov -Government agencies
iii..org -Non profit organizations
Country code top-level-domain(ccTLD):
•For websites outside the United State, the domain name may include a country code TLD(ccTLD),which is a two-letter country code.
•ccTLD identifies the country of origin associated with the domain.
•For example, www.philips.com.my is the domain name for Philips Malaysia.
Domain name system(DNS):
•A domain name system(DNS) is the method that the Internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding IP address.
•When user enters a domain name(i.e., google.com) in a browser, a DNS server translates the domain name to its associated IP address so that the request can be routed to the correct computer.
•ADNS server is a server on the Internet that usually is associated with an ISP.
Web Address: •Web address is a unique address for a webpage.
•Also called a Uniform Resource Locator(URL).
•Example of web address:
i.http://www.facebook.com
ii.https://www.moe.gov.my/pendidikan
iii.https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/news/photosmultimedia.htmInternet Protocol Address (IP Address)Components of web address:•Protocol
•Domain Name
•Path
•Web Page Namei.Protocol•A set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the Internet.
•Types of protocol:
i. http(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
▪a standard set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the Internet.
ii. https(Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)▪a protocol for secure communication over a computer network.
ii. Domain name
•Address of the computer that contains the web site (IP address).
iii.Path
•Directories or folders that contains the files being accessed.
iv.Web Page Name
•The name of the file that is being accessed.
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)
•The Internet relies on an addressing system (which is known as IP address) like the postal service to send data to a specific computer or device on the Internet.
•IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies the location of each computer or device connected to the Internet or any other network.
•The Internet uses two version of IP addressing schemes:
i.InternetProtocolVersion4(IPv4)
ii.InternetProtocolVersion6(IPv6)
CHARACTERISTIC OF IPv4 ADDRESS:
•IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 232 addresses =4294967296.
•Made up off our groups of decimal numbers,
•The number in each group is between 0 and 255,
•Separator :period(.)
•Each group consists of 8 bits, so 4 groups=32 bits.
•The lowest IP address:0.0.0.0
•The highest IP address: 255.255.255.255
•Example:1.2.3.4,10.10.100.99,255.255.255.255
Structure of IPv4 address:
•IPv4 address has two parts:
i. The network ID/part(first three numbers) identifies the network.
ii. The host ID/part(last number)identifies the specific computer
IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6):
•WhyIPv6?
The growth of the Internet has led to a shortage of IPv4 addresses. Because of this increase, IPv4 addresses are running out.
•IPv6 uses a128-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2128 addresses=.
•Examples of IPV6 address:
i.2001:0db8:0a0b:12f0:0000:0000:0000:0005
ii.2021:0db8:0:0:1319:8a2e:0370:57ab
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address) Structure of IPv6 address:
•Each IPv6 address is represented as eight groups/fields of fourhexadecimal digits, separated by colons(:).
•Each group consists of16 bits.
•Number in each group is between 0000 to FFFF
•Hence total bits are 8x16=128bits
•Total IPv6 addresses is 2128 C
hexadecimal digits= 0 to 9 and A to F
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)The importance of IPv6:
•Due to the growth of devices accessing the Internet, the original IPv4 addresses began decreasing in availability.
•Thus, the solution is for IPv6 to accommodate this increased demand by providing a much larger address space, along with improved traffic routing and better security.
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)The benefits/important of IPv6:
•Larger IP address space that provide enough address space for many decades to come.
•improved traffic routing
•Better security
•Better support for real time
•Includes Plug and play
•Better optimization
The role of web browser:
•A browser is
a software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a
computer or mobile device.
•In order to connect to and display websites on their device, a user needs to have a web browser installed.
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The role of ISP:
•A business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee.
ISP also provide related services such as:
i. Web site hosting and development
ii. Email hosting
iii .Online storage
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Web Searching•Web searching or search tool is a program available on the Internet to help you find information among the millions of documents on the Web.
•People use search tools to search for specific information on
the Web.
•Two(2)types of search tools/web searching:
i. Search engine
ii. Subject directory Search engine:
•Search engine is a search tool that finds websites, webpages, images, video, news, maps and other information related to a specific topic.
•Requires the users to enter a word or phrase which is known as keyword.
•it uses the keywords to search for documents that relates to these keywords and then put the results(hits)in order of relevance to the topic that was searched for.
ii. Subject directory:
•Subject directory is a search tool that classifies webpages in an organized set of categories and subcategories.
•User can locate webpage or information by clicking the links through different levels, moving from the general to the specific.
•Directories are useful for finding information on a topic when you don’t have precise ideas of what you need.
•When click on the category link, the
subject directory displays a list of subcategory links.
•Examples of subject directory:
i. Google Directory
ii. Yahoo! Directory
iii. Looksmart Directory
iv. Best of the Web Directory
v. dmoz
Internet Services
i. www
•The World Wide Web(www)provides a world wide collection of electronic documents(webpages)for user to access.
•Each web pages can contain text, graphics, animation, audio and video.
•Web pages can be a static page or a dynamic page which can be linked to each other through a hyperlink.ii. Email
•Email or electronic mail is the transmission of message and files via a computer network.
•Function: Allows user to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete e-mail messages.
•One of the original Internet services on the Internet.
•Email programs are available as desktop apps, web apps and mobile apps.
•Examples of desktop e-mail programs:
•Examples of free e-mail web applications:
iii. Instant Messaging
•Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet service that notifies you when one or more people are online and allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chatroom with those people.
*Real-time means you and the people with whom you are conversing are online at the same time.
•Most IM today are integrated in many email service and social network.
•Users need to install instant messenger software on the computer or mobile device before they can start messaging with each other.
•Examples of IM software:
i. WhatsApp Messenger
ii. Telegram Messenger
iii. Facebook Messenger : iv. VoIP
•Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that allows user to make voice calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular telephone line(also called Internet Telephony).
•Some VoIP services may only allow you to call other people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone who has a telephone number-including local, long distance, mobile and international numbers.
Examples of VoIP:
i. Skype
ii. Viber
iii. Google Hangouts
iv. Google Duo
Advantage of VoIP:
•Do not incur extra charge beyond what the user is paying for Internet access.
Disadvantages of VoIP:
•Some VoIP services don't work during power outages and the service provider may not offer backup power.
•VoIP providers may or may not offer directory assistance/white page listings.
v. File Transfer Protocol
•File Transfer Protocol(FTP) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet.
•Examples of FTP:
i. ClassicFTP
i. SmartFTP
How FTP works?
•Uploading: the process of transferring documents, graphics, and other objects from computer to a server on the Internet.
•Downloading: the process of a computer or device receiving information such as a webpage, from a server on the Internet.
•FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP.
•HTTP&HTTPS is one of the protocol of web address(URL).
•for example: http://www.google.com •HTTP :an acronym for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a system that is used to transmit and receive information from a server.
•For example: http://portal.kmpp.matrik.edu.my•HTTPS: a secure transfer system that encrypts the data before the connection is formed for sending or retrieving the data from the server (also known as HTTP with secure socket layer(SSL)).
•HTTPS is a secure version of the HTTP protocol that uses the SSL/TLS protocol for encryption and authentication
Types of Website
i. Business
•Business website is a website that contains content which promotes or sells products or services.
•Also known as e-commerce websites which allow user to purchase their products or services online.
•Examples of business website:
i. Airasia
ii. Trivago
ii. Portal
•Portal is a website that offers a variety of Internet services from a single, convenient location.
•It is like a one stop center where we can get everything from one place.
•Examples of portal:
i. Portal–Chrome Web Store
ii. My Yahoo!
iii. MSN
•Services offered by portals:
i. Search engine and/or subject directory;
ii. News;
iii. Sports and weather;
iv. Email and other communication services
v. Web publishing;
vi. Reference tools(such as yellow pages and maps)
vii. Shopping
•Many portals have online communities.
•Online community.
i. A website that joins a specific group of people with similar interests or relationships.
ii. Offer online photo albums, chatrooms and other services to facilitate communications among members.iii. Blog
•Blog is an informal website that consists time-stamped articles in a diary or journal format usually listed in reverse chronological order.
•It also reflects the interest, opinions and personalities of the author and sometimes site visitors.
•The importance of blog in worldwide communications.
i. Businesses create blogs to communicate with employees, customers, and vendors.
ii. Teachers create blogs to collaborate with other teachers and students.
iii. Home users create blogs to share aspects of their personal life with family, friends, and others.
Related terms:
i. vlog(videoblog)–a blog that contains video clips.
ii. Microblog–allows users to publish short messages(ex: Twitter)
iii. Blogosphere–world wide collection of blogs.
iv. Vlogosphere–all vlogs world wide.
v. Blogger–blog author.
vi. Vlogger–vlog author
•Examples of blog:
i.paultan.org(theme: automotive)
ii.proudduck.com(themes: food, lifestyle)
iii.barelysupermommy.com(theme: parenting)
iv. Wiki
•A collaborative website that allows users to create, add to, modify or delete the website content via their web browser.
•Open to modification by the general public.
•Wikis usually collect recent edits on a web page so someone can review them for accuracy
.•Examples of wiki:
i. Wikipedia
ii. Wikileaksv. Online social network
•Online social network is a website that encourages members in its online community to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music and videos with other registered users.
•An online social network is also known as a social networking website.
•Examples of online social network:
Facebook
WeChat
Instagram
Twitter