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TYPES OF TRAINING APPROACH - LECTURE培训方法的类型 - 讲座 lecture, QUESTIONING…
TYPES OF TRAINING APPROACH - LECTURE培训方法的类型 - 讲座
1. DEFINITION AND USE OF LECTURE
讲座的定义和使用
purpose of instruction or to set forth some subject
教学目的或阐述某个主题
techniques of instructing has seen a steady decline
（传统）教学技巧稳步下降
1.1 Instructional techniques
教学技巧
iii. Questioning technique
提问技巧
iv. Chalkboard technique
黑板技巧
ii. Gestures
手势
v. Discussion techniques
讨论技巧
i. Effective speech
有效的演讲
1.2 Audio visual aids
视听教具
1.3 Instruction sheets
说明书
Both
两者兼而有之
most applicable instructional techniques
最适用的教学技术
Appeal to the greatest practical number of trainees training
以吸引最多的受训者培训
Comply with and support the principles and law of learning 遵守和支持学习的原则和规律
presently among the most used and valuable methods
最常用和最有价值的方法之一
It is used
它被使用
:
iii. Topresent items of related technology not available in other form
呈现其他形式无法提供的相关技术项目
iv. To explain facts, theories and operating principle解释事实、理论和操作原则
ii. To describe an experience
描述一次经历
ix. To supplement other methods
补充其他方法
i. To introduce a new topic
介绍一个新话题
2. RULES FOR PREPARING AN DELIVERING A LECTURE
准备演讲的规则
2.1 Preparing a Lecture
准备演讲
i. Limit its content to one major topic
内容限制在一个主要主题
ii. Limit the scope, depth and amount of its subject matter.
限制主题的范围、深度和数量。
iii. Arrange subject matter in a definite and logical sequence.
顺序排列主题。
iv. An interesting introduction to gain attention and create interest
有趣的介绍来吸引注意力并引起兴趣
v. Plan for the use of audio visual aids to illustrate the lecture.
使用视听教具来说明讲座。
vi. Prepare a strong conclusion that summarizes
强调关键点
vii. Plan the length of the lecture and have time for socializing to ask questions.
计划讲座的长度，有时间提问。
2.2 Delivery of a Lecture
授课方式
i. The aims of the lecture and the subject matter to be covered.
讲座的目的和要涵盖的主题。
ii. Talk at the level of the class
在班级水平上讲话
iii.can keep up with comfortably, not too fast and not too slow.
可以跟上的空间，不太快也不太慢。
iv. Follow the rules for delivering good talk
遵守规则，讲好话
a. Maintain good eye contact
保持良好的眼神接触
b. Use appropriate gestures
使用适当的手势
c. effective voice variation and emphasis.
语音变化和强调
。 :
v. Use questioning techniques and audio visual aids.。
使用提问技巧和视听辅助工具
vi. Stay tuned-in to trainees reactions.
关注学员的反应。
:
vii. Use assignment sheets
使用作业表
:
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3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE LECTURE
讲座的优缺点
A lecture that is carefully planned and correctly used has a number of advantages:
讲座在教学或学习情况下使用时具有的优点:
i. Can be given to a large group
可以给一大群人
ii. Can over many ideas in a short time
可以在短时间内处理很多想法
iii.Can be used to provide motivation, guidance, or to restore or assist the subject
可用于提供动机、指导，或用于补充对主题的回顾或强调
iv. Save trainees learning time
节省学员的学习时间
a.Collected from a number of references
从大量参考资料中收集
b.Simplified from too complex refences
从过于复杂的引用中简化
A lecture also has inherent disadvantages :
讲座的缺点:
i. Is appropriate for only limited types of subject matter
仅适用于有限类型的主题
iii.Applies the minimum number of the principles and laws of learnin
应用最少数量的学习原则和规律
iv.Is liable to confuse trainee
容易混淆学员
v.Cannot measure trainees efficiency
无法衡量学员的效率
vi.Leads to inefficient and destructive teaching by lazy instructors.
被懒惰的教师导致低效和破坏性的教学
ii.Involves the minimum number of trainees sense
涉及最少受训人数感官
A lecture alone should not be used：
不应使用讲座的主题:
i.To describe manipulative skills and procedures
描述操作技巧和程序
ii.To explain highly technical subject matter.
解释高度技术性的主题
QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES
提问技巧
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD QUESTIONING
良好提问的特征
Good grammar and in language familiar to the trainee
良好的语法和受训者熟悉的语言
Specific
具体的问题
Base questions upon specific aims
根据特定目标提出问题
1. PURPOSE OF QUESTIONING
提问的目的
Most important features
最重要的特征之一
Competence in framing questions
构建问题的能力
Expertise in timing questions
计时问题的专业知识
Questioning during the lesson
课程中提问
right quality
正确的质量
right time
正确的时间
right place
正确的地点
More important ones
更重要的
To give the trainee an opportunity to express himself.
给受训者一个表达自己的机会
To help the instructors to determine his own progress
帮助教师确定自己的进度
To arouse or maintain trainee interest
激发或保持受训者的兴趣
To help the trainees use previous knowledge in learning something new
帮助学员利用以前的知识学习新事物
To attract trainee attention and encourage his participation.
吸引学员注意力并鼓励他参与
To provoke and stimulate trainee thoughts
激发学员的想法
To act as a springboard for further discussions and trainee participation
作为进一步讨论和学员参与的
To check the trainee’s learning progress
检查学员的学习进度
4. MANAGEMENT OF QUESTION
问题管理
Some important rules are as follow
一些重要的规则如下 :
Address the question to the whole group
向全组提出问题
pause 9 counts to allow thinking time, then call on a specific trainee to answer.
暂停 9 次以留出思考时间，请特定学员回答
Avoid a consistent, regular pattern of questioning
避免一致的、有规律的提问模式
Ask anyone a question
向任何人提出问题
Allow the trainee that is called upon a reasonable interval of time to answer
允许被邀请的受训者在合理的时间间隔内回答
Ask questions within the ability of the trainee to whom the question is addressed.
在受训者的能力范围内提出问题
Ask questions to the inattentive
向注意力不集中的人提问
Require the trainee to give a complete answer. Do not answer for him by adding essential details or repeat answer.
要求受训者给出完整的答案，不要通过添加来回答他重要细节或重复回答
Encourage the trainee to ask questions
鼓励学员提出问题
Do not allow frequent group responses to questions，answers by individuals are to be preferred.
不允许对问题进行频繁的集体回答，个人回答者优先
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2. INTRODUCTION
介绍
2.1 Types of question
问题类型
2.1.1Factual Questions
事实问题
c. They often have but one correct answer
他们往往只有一个正确答案
d. They usually require little reflection or though
他们通常需要很少的反思或虽然
b. Their answer may be guessed
他们的答案可能被猜到
e. They may be based on memory rather than knowledge and understanding
它们可能基于记忆而不是知识和理解
a. They usually require a short answer
他们通常需要简短的回答
The factual type of question Some typical examples
事实类型的问题 一些典型的例子
a. What is the formula for converting degrees centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit?.
摄氏度和华氏度的换算公式是什么？
b. How many inches are there in a meter?. 一米有多少英寸？
c. What are the different types of height?
有哪些不同类型的身高？
2.1.2 Incisive Question
尖锐的问题
a. Why is wool a warmer material than cotton 为什么羊毛是比棉更暖和的材料？
b. What is the purpose of the flux on a welding rod ? 焊条上助焊剂的用途是什么？
5. HANDLING OF ANSWER
答复的处理
5.1 Correct Answers
正确答案:
b. make certain the entire group hears the answer
保整个小组都能听到答案
c. required trainee to speak up clearly
要求学员说清楚
a. acknowledge and approve
承认并批准
5.2 Incorrect Answers
错误答案
b. Did not hear the question properly
没有正确听到问题
c. Trainee has some incorrect concepts or prior knowledge
不正确的概念或先验知识
a. Question framed incorrectly
问题框错了
d. Trainee answered carelessly or with a lack of thought
回答粗心或缺乏思考
5.3 Guessed Answer
猜测答案
a. Take firm action to discourage guessing采取坚决行动阻止猜测
a. Question framed incorrectly
问题框错了
5.4Partially Correct Answer
部分正确答案
b. Ask additional questions
提出额外的问题
c. Practice giving complete and correct answer.
练习给出完整正确的答案。
a. Make due allowance for correct part of answer
适当考虑答案的正确部分
6. SOME USES OF QUESTIONS
问题的一些用法
The uses of questions throughout the presentation of the lesson:
课程演示中问题的更多用法：
PRESENTATION
介绍
To recall past experiences
回忆过去的经历
To recall facts
回忆事实
To direct thought
引导思想
To stimulate though
刺激
To develop concepts
发展概念
To develop insight
培养洞察力
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APPLICATION
应用
To emphasize highlights
强调亮点
To help retain knowledge
帮助保留知识
To crystallize thought
使思想结晶
PREPARATION
准备
To arouse curiosity
激发好奇心
To focus attention on aims
将注意力集中在目标上
To create interest
创造兴趣
To establish need for the lesson
确定课程需求
CONFIRMATION
确认
To develop use of knowledge
发展知识的运用
To promote understanding
促进了解
