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THE HUMAN BODY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Left side
        
        Contains oxygenated blood- which has come from the lungs
        
        blood is pumped into the aorta to be taken to the body and blood comes from the pulmonary vein.
        
        blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta, which takes the blood around the body
        
        left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins which come from the lungs
        
        The valve on the left hand side of the heart is made of 2 parts and is called the bicuspid valve or the mitral valve
      - Right side
        
        Contains deoxygenated blood
        
        Right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body, arriving through the venae cavae.
        
        Blood comes from the venacava and goes to the lungs via the pulmonary atery
        
        the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery which takes it to the lungs
        
        The valve on the right hand side has 3 parts and is called the tricuspid valve. The tendons attached to the valves prevent them from going up too far.
      - Valves- make sure blood flows in the right direction
      - Made of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle which contracts and relaxes regularly throughout life
      - The heart is divided into 4 chambers. The two upper chambers are called atria. The two lower chambers are called ventricles. The chambers on the right hand side are completely seperated by the ones on the left by a septum. The atriums receive the blood and then the blood flows to the ventricles. The ventricles then pump it out the heart. Ventricles have thicker more muscular walls then the atria. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs which are very close to the heart. The left ventricle however pumps blood all around the body. The left ventricle has an espically thick wall of muscle to enable it to do this.
      - Blood vessels on the outside of the heart are called coronary arteries and supply blood to the cardiac muscles.
      - Each complete "lub-dup" represents one heart beat. A pulse is used by the expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the heart pushing blood through it. The rate at which the heart beats is controlled by a patch of muscle in the right atrium called the pacemaker, which works by sending electrical impulses
  - - - What can increase it
        
        Genes
        
        Obesity
        
        Diet
        
        Smoking cigarettes
        
        Stress
      - How to fix it
        
        Drugs to reduce blood pressure and decreasing risk of blood clots
        
        Coronary bypass operation
        
        Statin- helps to reduce cholesterol levels
        
        little mesh tube called stent
        
        Using a tiny baloon- angioplasty
        
        complete heart transplant- immunosuppressive medication
  - - - Arteries need very strong walls to withstand the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.
      - The arteries have elastic tissue in their walls which can stretch and recoil with the force of the blood
      - The pressure in the arteries of your arm can be measured by a sphygmomanometer
  - - - Has nucleus which is often quite large and lobed.
      - They can move around and can squeeze out through the walls of the blood capillaries into all parts of the body. Their function is to fight pathogens (disease causing bacteria and viruses) and to clear up any dead body cells. Some of them do this by taking in and digesting bacteria in a process called phagocytosis. Others produce chemicals called antibodies.
    - - Platelets are small fragments of cells with no nucleus. They are made in the red bone marrow, and they are involved in blood clotting. Blood clotting stops pathogens getting into the body through breaks in the skin. Normally your skin provides a very effective barrier against the entry of viruses and bacteria. Blood clotting also prevents too much blood loss.
      - When a blood vessel is cut the platelets bump into the rough edges of the cut, and react by releasing a chemical. The damaged tissues around the blood vessel also release chemicals. In the blood plasma there is a soluble protein called fibrinogen. The chemicals released bu the platelets and the damaged tissues set off a chain of reactions which causes the fibrinogen to change into fibrin. Fibrin is insoulable, and as its name suggests it forms fibers. These form a mesh across the wound. Red blood cells and platelets get trapped in the tangle of fibrin fibers forming a blood clot
    - - Produced at a very fatst rate because they do not live for very long. Each red blood cell only lives for about 4 months
      - Red blood cells are red because they contain the pigment haemoglobin. This carries oxygen. Haemoglobin is a protein and carries iron.
      - Made in the bone marrow of some bones including ribs, vertebrae and some limb bones.
      - The lack of a nucleus in a red blood cell mean that there is more space for packing in millions of molecules of haemoglobin
      - They are biconcave disks- like a flat disc that has been pinched in on both sides. This together with their small size gives them a relatively large surface area compared with their volume. This high surface area to volume ratio speeds up the rate at which oxygen can diffuse in and out of the red blood cell.
      - The small size of the red blood cell is also useful for enabling it to squeeze through even the capillaries. This means that oxygen can be be taken very close to every cell in the body.
    - - Transport of carbon dioxide
      - Transport of food materials
      - Transport of oxygen
      - Transport of urea
      - Transport of hormones
      - Transport of heat
      - Transport of plasma proteins
  - - - Supplies cells with all of their requirements. These requirements such as oxygen, and nutrients diffuse from the blood, through the tissue fluid to the cells. Waste products such as C02 diffuse in the opposite direction.
- - - - In order to prevent energy wastage enzymes in the liver split up each amino acid molecule. The part containing the energy is kept and turned into carbohydrate and stored. The rest which is the part that contains nitrogen is turned into urea. This process is also deamination.
      - Getting rid of excess amino acids in the form of urea.