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Final Partial Midterm 3 - Coggle Diagram
Final Partial Midterm 3
7 Characteristics of life
Organization
Ecological
Biological
Organ System are a group of organs that perform a complex function together such as the respiratory system
Organ: They are a collection of tissues that form a functional unit or a vital unit for a living thing such as the heart that helps with the spreading of blood around the body.
Organism is a living thing that has a structure and have reaction to stimuli also have growth, reproduction, adaptation and maintain a homeostasis.
Cell: The cell is the smallest unit of life, an example can be the nerve cells that make up the nervous system inside a human.
Prokaryotic cells have Plasma Membrane, Cytoplsm, Ribosomes, DNA, Cell Wall, Capsule and pili
Eukaryotic cells have Plasma Membrane, Cytoplsm, Ribosmoes, DNA, Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles, Cell wall ( Just in plants).
Plant Cell has Cell Wall, Central Vacuole, Chloroplast, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Plasma Membrane, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleus.
Animal cells have a smaller Vacuole or sometimes no vacuole, Centrioles and Centersomes, Flagella, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Plasma Membrane, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleus.
Tissue: A group or layer of cells that perform specific function, an example can be muscle tissue or blood which is a connective tissue.
Population is a number of living things, that live or interact in a certain area or region, a good example can be Prepa Tec since the same organisms interact with each other in the same area.
Community is the various species interacting in the same geographical area such as in Chipinque, humans and animals interact in the same area.
Ecosystem is a geographic area were living and non living things, weather and landscape create a bubble of life, for example a forest were you can find animals, trees, ponds and rocks which affect how animals live.
Biomes are specific environments that are home to well suited animals for that place and climate.
Biosphere is where life occurs, the only proved Biosphere human kind knows about is the Planet Earth.
Response to stimuli
Response to stimuli is any process that results in a reaction of an organism, for example hunger. If an animal for any reason feels hunger his reaction is going to be look for food.
Another stimuli is the survival instinct of an animal, if living. things feel danger, the reaction will be to flee immediately the area
The reproduction is also a stimuli that living things have to maintain the race such as humans have to reproduce to maintain the human race.
Reproduction
Meiosis helps to mix genes and creates sex cells called gamets
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes 23 from dad and 23 from mom they are called diploid cells
Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes but unite during the fertilization to form 46
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1: Chromosomes whit doble amount of DNA become visible, the nuclear envelope brakes down and the homologous chromosomes pair up, they cross over and exchange genetic info
Metaphase 1: The pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
Anaphase 1: The spindle fibers pull one chromosome from each pair to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis : A nuclear envelope encloses the chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides, the cell separates in 2 cells
Meiosis 2
Metaphase 2: The chromosomes line up at the cells equator and the spindle fibers attach to the centrosomes.
Anaphase 2: The spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart at the centromeres, and the chromatids move to opposites poles of the cell
Prophase 2: The nuclear envelope brakes down, releasing the chromosomes into cell, new spindle fibers form.
Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis: a nuclear envelope encloses each set of chromosomes and Cytokinesis takes place and divides the cytoplasm and end up in 4 Haploid cells
Interphase: Before meiosis begins, DNA replicates producing two copies of each chromosome just for Meiosis 1
Mitosis happens in body cells
Interphase
The interphase is where DNA is replicated
M Phase is where the Nucleus Divides
Telophase Nuclear membranes form and spindles disappear, cytokinesis occurs, the cytokinesis is when cytoplasm divides.
Result 2 cells
Metaphase the spindles attach to the centrosomes and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Prophase chromosomes supercoil and the nucleus disappears, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and Spindle Fibers appear.
Anaphase the centrosomes divide and the spindles contract and sister chromatids separate and go to different poles.
Growth and Development
Growth
Growth is an increase of in the size of an organism or in the number of cells, and is part of development.
Development
Includes all the changes that take place between conception and death ( psychological, emotional and physical ) It also includes all the repairs that take place following an injury.
This is linked to Mitosis because it's Mitosis work to regenerate the injuries.
Evolution
DNA's function is to store genetic information, DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce.
Chromosome: DNA takes this shape when the cell is dividing ( chromatin will form chromosomes )
Chromosomes take part in meiosis and DNA dose too
Evolution means changes over time, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed a theory which stated "A breeder is not necessary needed, there is another force guiding random evolution, they called it" They called it natural selection.
Natural selection is a form of evolution in which the organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass the genes that helped them survive.
Homeostasis
Is the organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions when external conditions change.
Transport across the Cell Membrane regulates the entrance and exit of molecules in and out of the cell.
It helps the cell maintaine a steady and neutral internal envirorment ( Homeostasis )
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
Passive Transport has no need of ATP use, its concentration is from high to low and go's across the gradient.
Osmosis has no carrier and transports water, it go's from high concentration to low concentration.
Isotonic Solution meas that it has the same concentration than inside of the cell, no movement of water.
Simple Diffusion needs no carrier, molecules go across the membrane.
Hypertonic Solution is a solution with a higher percentage of solute and will make the cell shrink
Facilitated Diffusion Carrier It uses the Transport Protein Channel, it helps molecules which are big to pass like glucose or amino acids
Hypotonic Solution is a solution with a lower concentration of solute, water flows in and makes the cell burst
Active Transport needs ATP, its concentration is from low to high and go's against the gradient.
Endocytosis ( Into the cell ) the vesicles are the carriers, they transport big molecules such as hormones.
Phagocytosis: Bacteria and large molecules. Pinocytosis: liquids and small particles dissolved in liquid. Receptor meditated Endocytosis: type of pinocitosis that involves a coated pit.
Exocytosis ( Out of the cell ) The vesicles are the carriers, they transport big molecules such as hormones
Ion Pumps, The carrier is The Transport protein pump, it transports sodium and potassium.
Metabolism
Cellular Respiration are a series of reactions that break down glucose into Aerobic and Anaerobic, this takes place in the Cytoplasm but mainly in the Mitochondria. The goal is to get ATP
Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast and is the process in which plants use sunlight to create food.
Dark Phase
ATP + CO2 = Glucose
Light Phase
Sunlight + water = ATP and Oxygen
Is what plants and animals eat to turn it into energy
