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5) BLOODLANDS (Sneider) "inter/war period" - Coggle Diagram
5) BLOODLANDS (Sneider)
"inter/war period"
Timothy Sneider: Holocaust: The ignored Reality (2009)
constructive history: we can learn sth from it
mass killings are
easily gapped
- you have
numbers
which you can imagine - but the regimes did more horrible things (propaganda, censor ship)
objective
(numbers) +
passion
(individuals behind numbers)
article + book
the focus is lost bc. we focus on the Western Jews (Auschwitz) "west" + USSR (gulags) "east"
epicentre of the mass killings of 2 totalitarian regimes in 30s/40s =
BLOODLANDS
(Western Ukraine, Belarus, Eastern Poland) "in the middle"
sep 44: Grossman: discovered Treblinka as a journalist with the Red ARmy
Nazi Germany
victims
Jews
non-Jews (Roma, Sinti in Eastern EU)
!!! German regime killed civilians who were not German citizens !!!
victims of German killings among German citizens: euthanasia / GErman jews
mass killings
starvation of Soviet citizens (4mil)
mass reprisals x civilians (750 000)
x
EU Jews (5,7 mil deaths)
: mostly Polish (3mil), Soviet (1mil), CSR, Hungarian...
1944: Warsaw Uprising - 100 000 Poles
further German Plans
HUNGER PLAN
As Ukrainian and sout Russian agricultural products were diverted to Germany, some
30 milion people in Belarus, northern Russia, and SOviet Cities were to be starved to death
implemented in USSR, winter 1941-42
Generalplan Ost
the colonization plan for the western USSR, which foresaw the elimination of some 50 mil people
= only 1st stage implemented in eastern Poland
Final Solution project
only one of the exterminatory projects to be implemented
"Auschwitz is only an intro to the Holocaust... H is only a suggestion of AH´s final aims... Even a full characterization of GErman policies of mass killing is incomplete as a history of atrocity in mid-century EU..."
GErman aim: to kill every Jew
Stalinist USSR
(1928-1953)
victims
soviet citizens (peasants / Orthodox priests...)
!!! soviet regime killed Soviet citizens !!!
GErman vicims of Stalin
: women raped by the Red army + prisoners of war held in USSR
mass killings
starvations of Soviet citizens (5,5 mil)
shootings of the SOviet Great TError (700 000)
GULAG
30 million people - only 3 million died (others returned home)
!!! labor camps, not a place of mass killings !!!
2 KILLING POLICIES
COLLECTIVIZAITON FAMINES (1930-1933)
Kazkah famine (1930-1932): 1 million Kazakhs
Soviet Ukraine (1932-1933): 3 million victims
GREAT TERROR (1937-8)
x kulaks: cca 400 000
x Communist Party elites, security police and military officers: 50 000
executions cca 700 000
SOVIET AIM: totality policy
Why is Auschwitz (Gulags) not an adequate symbol of the mass killings of the totalitarian remiges?
the time when people died: 2/3 of Jews who would be killed during WW2 were already dead by the end of 1942
German and Soviet killing policies overlapped in territory and should be considered together as a part of a larger phenomenom
how people were killed
mass murder by bullets in eastern Poland and USSR
Poland: SS shootings of Jews .... aug-sep 41 extermination of the entire Jewish communities
more Jews killed by
bullets
than
gas
(in easterly locations)
1942: USSR: 1,7 mil Jews shot by Germans - Soviet Jewish population under their control had ceased to exist
"
BLOODLANDS
"
here most mass killings
(30s-45: 1mil killed / year) =
overlooked
perpertrators:
USSR regime, Nazi regime
the emphasis on Auschwitz / Gulag understates the numbers of EU killed and shifts the GEO focus of the killings to the German Reich and the Russian East
the epicentre BELARUS (41-44)
epicentre of EU mass killing and the base of operation of anti-Nazi partisans = BOTH
starving Soviet prisoners, shooting, gassing Jews, shooting civilians in antipartisan actions... by Germans
ignored / not known: the absence of Belarus from discussions of the past is the clearest sign of the difference between memory and history
history of mass killings has much to do with eco calculation
memory shuts anything that might seem to make murder appear rational
20% killed by Germans, 1/2 displaced
4% civilians in Russia killed by Germans, 10 % Ukraine + Poles, 20% of Belarus
Bloodlands (zwischen EU): Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia
VICTIMS
Holocaust (Nazi)
Auschwitz = Western EU Jews = "small part of the Holocaust"
OSTJUDEN
(Orthodox + Yiddish speaking Jews of Poland): the largest group of Holocaust victims = "excluded from the memory of the Holocaust" - few of them died in Auschwitz
we know of Auschwitzs bc of survivors
Auschwitz: less important to the Holocaust than Operation Reinhardt in occupied Poland and USSR killings
1942: Operation Reinhardt (murder of Polish Jews)
Polish Jews
= largest Jewish community in the world, Warsaw = the most important Jewish city
killed at Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibór... few survived
Auschwitz: labor camp + death factory
they had slaved laborers dig up the bodies of their Jewish victims and burn them in giant graves
victims of German killings among German citizens: euthanasia / German jews
Stalin victims
attention focused on: urban Communist leaders, intelectuals, purges of Communist Party elites, security police, miliatary officers... =
small part of victims
the largest action = x KULAKS
national minorities
(2% of Soviet population) = 1/3 of fatalities of Great Terror (ethnic Poles who were Soviet citizen...)
hid their mass shootings in the dark woods and falsified the records for regions in which they starved people to death
collectivization famines + great terror
GErman vicims of Stalin
: women raped by the Red army + prisoners of war held in USSR
West EU jewish survivors were free to write and publish as they liked, whereas East EU Jewish survivors, if caught behind the iron curtain could not
The diary of Anne Frank: ssimilated EU Jewish communities (the Dutch and German)
Hungarian holocaust (1944)
end of Aug 41: Mass executions near Kaments-Podolsk
od Sep 41: extended security to guard the Eastern Border of Hungary = to preserve its gained territories
July - Aug 41: deportations, cca 20 000 people taken to concentration camps in Korosmezo, then to Ukrainee === HUNGARY INITIATIVE
secretive talks with allies = wanted to become NEUTRAL
July 41: proposal for the deportation of foreigners approved by the Council of Ministers
MARCH 44: GERMAN OCCUPATION
not much resistance - accepted by many political elites
deportation started (pre march 44 limited anti-Jewish Laws)
Expulsion of Germans from the East
fled, or killed
CZS-Polish-Soviet -American project
12 million: fled or were expelled from EEU na konci WW2
CZS and Poland: wish to keep their GErman population small
CZS governemnt: approval from Stalin, Churchill, ROosevelt to expel GErmans