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MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY - Coggle Diagram
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY
STRONG NECESSITY
Use must, have to, and have got to to show strong necessity. They are similar in meaning
Use had to+ base form to show past necessity. Don’t use must have+ past participle
Have got to is rarely used in the negative. Use don’t have to instead
Use will have to to show Future necessity
Use have got to in conversation and in Formal writing
Use have to in all situations
Use must in more Formal English to show a very strong obligation that can’t be escaped
MODAL-LIKE EXPRESSIONS
Modal-like expressionsare similar in meaning to modals
Ought to and be supposed to are similar in meaning to should
Be allowed to is similar in meaning to may and can
Have to and have got to are similar in meaning to must
ADVICE
Use should and ought toto offer advice. Both these modals mean “It would be a good idea if...” or “It’s the right thing to do.
We often use shall in questions to ask for advice or direction. In this meaning, shall is used only with I or we. When it is used with we, it is often followed by a sentence with let’s+ base form. In this meaning, shall is similar to should.
Use should have/ought to have+ past participle to express advice about past situations. Should have and ought to have suggest that an action didn’t happen. Shouldn’t have and ought not to have suggest that it did
PROHIBITION AND LACK OF NECESSITY
Use must not+ base form to say that it is necessary not to do something—i.e., that it is prohibited. Use don’t/doesn’t have to+ base form to say that something is not necessaryto do
SUGGESTIONS
Use could and might to make polite, not-too-strong suggestions. Could is much more common than might in this function.
Use could or might+ base form to make polite suggestions about the present or future
Use could have/might have+ past participle to make polite suggestions about a past opportunity
WARNINGS
Use had better to give a warning that something bad or negative will happen if a suggestion or piece of advice is not followed.
EXPECTATIONS
Use be supposed to and be to to show expectations
Use be supposed to only in the present and the past. In the past, the afirmative suggests that an action didn’t happen. The negative suggests that it did.
Use be to in more Formal English to express a strong expectation
MODALS
Modals are auxiliary verbs that show speakers’ attitudes toward the actions they are describing. Modals are used to talk about obligations, advice, expectations, and suggestions
The modals include can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, and had better. Each modal has only one form for all persons
Use perfect modals(modal + have+ past participle) to show degrees of necessity in the past
Use simple modals(modal + base form) to show degrees oFf necessity in the presen tand the Future.