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Louis Rodriguez, Period 1, Nervous System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Can be grouped into 2 classifications
        
        Actions:
        
        direct vs indirect
        
        Effects:
        
        excitatory versus inhibitory
        
        Excitatory is a transmitter that generates a signal, Action potential (AP), in the receiving neuron
        
        Inhibitory is another type of transmitters that's sole purpose is to prevent the Action potential being generated in the receiving neuron, an opposite force to the excitatory transmitter
    - - Acetylcholine (ACh)
        
        Degraded by enzyme AChE
        
        Released at neuromuscular junctions
      - Biogenic Amines
        
        Catecholamines
        
        Dopamine that is made from the amino acid tyrosine
        
        Indolamines
        
        Serotonin
        
        Made from the amino acid tryptophan
        
        Histamine
        
        Made from the amino acid histidine
      - Amino Acids
        
        Makes up all proteins
      - Peptides (neuropeptides)
        
        endorphins
      - Purines
        
        Monomers of nucleic acids that can have an effect in both CNS and PNS
      - Gases and Lipids
      - Endocannabinoids
        
        Acts at the same receptors as THC
- - - - 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
      - 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
      - 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
      - 1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (C0)
      - 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
  - - - Largest of the cranial nerves; fibers extend from pons to face
    - - Primarily a motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle
    - - Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
    - - Sensory function (taste) from anterior 2/3 of tongue
      - facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
    - - Raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape
    - - Formerly auditory nerve
      - Mostly sensory function
    - - Sensory functions: taste and general impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are conducted by the fibers
      - Motor functions: innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands
      - Fibers from medulla leave skull via jugular foramen and run to throat
    - - Purely visual function
      - Arise from retinas
    - - Cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region
      - Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart and lungs, and abdominal viscera
    - - Formerly spinal accessory nerve
      - its rootlets pass into cranium via each foramen magnum
      - exits skull via juhular foramina to innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
    - - Sensory nerves of smell
    - - fibers from medulla exit skull via gupoglossal canal
      - swallowing and speech