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Heidi Ochoa Period 1: Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Heidi Ochoa Period 1: Nervous System
Major functions
The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.
It also includes sensory input, integration, and Motor output.
Divisions and subdivisions
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory (Afferent) Division
Motor (efficient) division
Somatic Nervous system
Autonomic Nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Central Nervous System
Tissues
Neurological: nervous tissue histology-
small cells surround delicate neurons
4 Support cells:
Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oliodedrocytes
PNS
Satellite cells and Schwan cells
Classifications of Neurons
Categorized by:
-Sensory neuron
-Motor neuron
-Inter neuron
-multi polar bipolar
-uni-polar
Interneuron: they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. they transfer signals between sensory and motor neurons
Classified by roles
Connective tissue covering
Meninges: the layers of connective tissue covering the brain, its main function- protection
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
Dura matter is tough to cut through, like rubber and is a white outer layers of the brain.
Arachnoid mater looks lie fibers below the Dura mater and is clear. It has a webby look.
Pia mater is the final layer and looks like clear saran wrap on the brain.
Major Parts/ Functions of brain
brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
Cerebrum: consists of left and right hemispheres and preforms higher functions like interpreting touch, vision, and hearing
Cerebellum: Contains tree looking thing called tree of life.Its function is to maintain balance
Brainstem: It maintains bodily functions like maintaing heart rate.
Major parts/functions of spinal cord
Motor Functions - directs your body's voluntary muscle movements.The spinal cord is divided into four different regions: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions
It also includes white and grey matter that is in charge of processing information
Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory
II Opric
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglassal
Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves are the major nerves of the body. A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves control motor, sensory, and other functions. They control sensation and movement. Each contains a dorsal and ventral root which carries sensory input to the brain
Dorsal Root: (posterior root) Sensory. travels down dorsal root ganglion. Carries neural signals from CNS to PNS
Ventral root: (anterior) carries motor information from the spinal cord to the body
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers.They transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells, The brain needs neurotransmitters to regulate necessary functions, like heart rate heart rate.
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Dopamine= pleasure
Glutamate
Serotonin= happiness
Norepinephrine
Autonomic Nervous system
ANS has motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands. Autonomic differs in effectors and efferent neurons. It differs from with the visceral reflex arc
Includes: sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions
Parasympathetic division: promotes maintenance of functions/ conserves energy. Pre-ganglionic fibers extend from CNS almost targets organs.
Sympathetic division: mobilizes body during activity- spinal cord segments
Reflex Arc
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
integration center
Control Center
Motor neuron
Movement
Disorders
These neurological disorders include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and stroke
Alzheimer's disease- progressive memory loss. It includes parts of the brain that controls thought, memory, and language.
Parkinson's Disease- affects midbrain It leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination.
Drugs
Like neurotransmitters, drugs can speed up (CNS stimulants) or slow down (CNS depressants) the transfer of chemical messages between neurons in the brain. Some are stimulants and some are depressants
examples are: Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Marijuana, Ecstasy, Tobacco, Alcohol
Action Potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
Nerve impulses are sent from cell body, sodium channels open up and sodium surges into the cell. Action potential will then send electrical signals down the axon.
They do not decay over distance as graded potentials do
*4 main steps of generating: 1. Resting state 2. Depolarization 3. Repolarization 4. Hyperpolarization
