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Biomolecules, Contains a Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - α-helices
      - β-pleated sheets
    - - Hydrogen bonds
        
        They form between the partially negative oxygen atom and the partially positive nitrogen atom.
  - - - Globular
        
        usually soluble, water molecules cluster around their outward-pointing hydrophilic R groups
        
        important in maintaining its solubility
        
        curl up so that their non-polar, hydrophobic R groups point into the centre of the molecule, away from their watery surroundings
        
        important in holding it in its correct three-dimensional shape
      - Fibrous
        
        structural role
        
        insoluble
        
        example: collagen
        
        less folded and forms long strands
      - Membrane
    - - Hydrophobic interactions
      - Ionic bonds
      - Hydrogen bonds
      - Dipole-dipole interactions
      - Disulfide bridges
  - - - Consists of : COOH, NH2, C, H, R group
  - - - Hydrogen bonds
      - Van der Waals forces
  - - - hydrolysis reaction
  - - - Biuret reagent is made up of NaOH and KOH
      - The biuret test measures peptide bonds in a sample. Copper (II) is able to form a complex with the peptide bonds in an alkaline solution. Once this complex has been formed, the solution turns from a blue color to a purple color.
      - Add the biuret reagent into a sample of food.
        
        Positive result: Mauve/Purple color
- - - - Water is the transport medium in the blood, in the lymphatic, excretory and digestive systems of animals, and in the vascular tissues of plants.
  - - - Stable and inert
      - The hydrogen bonds that make water molecules stick to each other must be broken to allow free movement. This explains why more energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 °C.
  - - - Hydrolysis is the mechanism by which large molecules are broken down to smaller molecules using water molecules, as in digestion
    - - 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  - - - Oxygen and hydrogen is a polar molecule
  - - - In ice, there is a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules. This produces a rigid lattice in which each oxygen atom is surrounded by a tetrahedron of hydrogen atoms. This arrangement is due to the relatively long hydrogen bonds which allows the water molecules to be slightly further apart than in the liquid.
        
        Ice floats
        on liquid water and insulates the water under it.
    - - This helps maintain circulation of nutrients in the ocean.
- - - - polysaccharides
      - proteins
  - - - polysaccharides
        
        Starch
        
        is made up of two components with a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
        
        Amylopectin
        
        branched in structure
        
        Amylose
        
        helical in shape and more compact
        
        Glycogen
        
        used for the storage of energy in animal cells
        
        made from α glucose molecules with a 1,6 glycosidic bonds
        
        Cellulose
        
        found in the cell wall of plant cells and is made from βglucose units with 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
        
        Peptidoglycan(murein
        
        Found in prokaryotes
        
        hydrogen bonds between parrallel cellulose molecules to form bundles called microfibrils
        
        Fibres increase tensile strength to withstand osmotic pressure; plant rigid
      - nucleic acids
  - - - Glucose
      - Galactose
      - Fructose
        
        All Monosaccharides are reducing sugars
      - Pentose sugars
        
        Deoxyribose
        
        Ribose
  - - - joined together by glycosidic bonds.
        
        covalent bonds formed due to a condensation reaction (removal of water molecule in order to form polysaccharides and disaccharides
        
        glycosidic bond can be broken down by hydrolysis
  - - - joined together by 1,6 or 1,4 glycosidic bond
        
        Maltose
        
        The only disaccharide which is a reducing sugar
        
        Lactose
        
        Not reducing sugar
        
        Sucrose
        
        Not reducing sugar
        
        Sucrose is transported in plants. It is insoluble
  - - - monosaccharides,
      - amino acids
      - nucleic acids
- - - - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
        
        mRNA is for protein translation
        
        rRNA is an RNA in a ribosome
        
        tRNA to decode mRNA sequence and assign a specific protein for each codon
  - - - Components function in cell division, chromosome synthesis
  - - - Guanine
      - Adenine
    - - Thymine
      - Cytosine
      - Uracil
  - - - PO₄³⁻
    - - Deoxyribose (in DNA)
      - Ribose (in RNA)
  - - - 2 hydrogen bonds
    - - 3 hydrogen bonds
    - - 2 hydrogen bonds
- - - - Examples: Fats and OIls
      - Glycerol linked with Three Fatty Acids
      - Linked by Ester Bonding
      - Hydrophobic
      - Often Used by Animals as an Energy Store
    - - Contains only Single Bonds between the Carbon Atoms in its Tail
    - - Contains Double Bonds between the Carbon Atoms in its Tail
        
        Causes a 'kink' (a bend) in the otherwise straight fatty acid tail
    - - Hydrophilic Head Containing Hydrophilic Phosphate Group, and two Hydrophobic Fatty Acid Tails
        
        This structure causes their heads to be Hydrophilic but their tails to be Hydrophobic
      - Large use in the construction of Cell Membranes
      - Parts also linked by Ester Bonds
  - - - Mix the substance with ethanol, and pour into water. If lipid is present, it will go from being transparent to forming a Cloudy, White Emulsion.