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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene, Unifying Themes in Biology,…
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
The Structure of the Genetic Material
bacteriophages
phages
viruses
DNA & RNA
RNA
uracil
polymers of nucleotides
polynucleotides
sugar-phosphate backbone
formed by covalent bonds
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
double helix
two polynucleotide strands
nucleotides
thymine (T)
pyrimidines
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
purines
DNA Replication
goes in two directions simultaneously
enzymes
DNA ligase
DNA polymerases
semiconservative model
The Genetics of Viruses & Bacteria
prions
infectious proteins
virus
emerging viruses
AIDS
makes DNA on RNA template
HIV
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
capsid
protein coat
parasites
host cells
lysogenic cycle
phospage
lytic cycle
bacteria transfers DNA
transduction
transformation
conjugation
F factor
plasmid
R plasmids
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
ribosomes
build polypeptides
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transcription
RNA polymerase
promotor
terminator
synthesis of RNA from DNA
translation
transfer RNA
anticodon
synthesis of protein from RNA
genetic information written in
codons
genetic code dictates
triplet code
RNA processing in eukaryotes
RNA splicing
introns
noncoding regions
exons
coding regions
messenger RNA (mRNA)
start codon
P site
A site
tRNA
stop codon
Unifying Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Scientific Method
Question
Hyphotesis
Testing/Experiments
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Control Group
Experimental Group
Observation
Biology
Scientific of life
7 properties
Evolutionary adaptation
Response to the environment
Growth and development
Order
Reproduction
Energy Processing
Regulation
Taxonomist
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Protist
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Archaea
Life Hierarchy
Emergent Properties
Broad Range of Scales
Structural levels
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organs and Organs systen
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Molecules & Atoms
Structure and Function Related
Evolution
Natural of selection
Artificial Selection
System Biology
ID emergent porperties
Analysis Interactions of parts
Energy Flows
Sunlight
Chemical Energy
Heat
Matter Of Cycles
Producer
Consumer
Decomposer
DNA
DNA
Provide Information
Instructions
Blue print
Chapter 4
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
Nuclues
DNA to messenger RNA to protein synthesis
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Chromosome
Ribosomes
makes proteins from direction from DNA
Cell that make a lot of proteins have many Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Scientific Method
Question
Hyphotesis
Testing/Experiments
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Control Group
Experimental Group
THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL SURFACES
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Eukaryotic
cilia
flagella
3 types Junction
Tight
Anchoring
Gap
Cell wall
Protection & Support
Cellulose
Juctions
Plasmodesmata
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
Integrin
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Membranes connected (Vesicles)
Functions
Synthesis
Distribution
Storage
Export Molecules
Peroxisomes
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
Type of Microscope
The light Microscope
Electron Microscope (EM)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Cell Theory
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer with Embedded Proteins
2 type of cell
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic cells
Animal
Plant
Human
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Energy - Converting Organelles
Mitochodria
Photosynthesis
conversion of light energy to the chemical energy (sugar)
Choloroplasts
Granum
Stroma
Thylakoid
produce sugar and oxygen
Brown Fat
Burn Fuel and Produce heat without making ATP
Mitochondrial Matrix
Endosymbiont Theory
Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics
Genomics & Bioinformatics
bioinformatics
proteomics
genomics
scientific study of whole genomes
Human Genome Project (HGP)
whole-genome shotgun method
DNA Profiling
forensics
DNA profiling
analysis of DNA samples
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
amplifies DNA sequences
primers
repetitive DNA
short tandem repeat (STR)
STR analysis
gel electrophoresis
separates macromolecules
Genetically Modified Organisms
gene therapy
alteration of a diseased individual's genes
transgenic organism
vaccine
stimulates immune system
Gene Cloning and Editing
nucleic acid probes
biotechnology
DNA technology
Recombinant DNA
combination of DNA from two sources
genetic engineering
vector
gene carrier
DNA ligase
clone
gene cloning
reverse transcriptase
complementary DNA (cDNA)
restriction enzymes
restriction site
restriction fragments
DNA cloning
plasmids
Proteins
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates
Function
Storage
energy sources
Sources
Rice, Bread, Potato
Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Fibers
Starches
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Lipids
Fat
Waxes
3 Fatty Acids
Glycerol
Triglycerides
Hydrophobic
Phospholipids
Steroids
Hormones
Nonpolar
Trans fat
health risks
Unsaturated fats
Hydrogenated vegetable oils
Long-tern energy storage
Organic Compounds
Carbon
Hydrogen
Life's molecular diversity
Length
Ethane
Propane
Double Bonds
1-Butene
2-Butene
Branching
Butane
Isobutane
Rings
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Isomers
Hydrocarbon
Carbonyl
Methyl
Amino
Hydroxyl
Phosphate
Functional Groups
Monomers
Elements
Polymers
Dehydration
Hydrolisis
elements
Amino Acids
peptide bonds
Polypeptide
enzymes
Carboxyl Group
Chapter 8 : The Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle & Mitosis
cancer cells
tumors
metastasized
malignant
benign
leads to
Cell Cycle
first form of cell division
cell division stage
mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
mitosis
growing stage
G1
Interphase
G2
DNA Synthesis
Cell Division
Environmental factors
Growth factor
SIgnal
Cell cycle control system
Density dependent inhibitions
Anchorage dependence
Mitosis
Centrosome
Mitotic spindle
Anaphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
telophase
Cytokinesis
metaphase
Eukaryotic cells
Chromatin
Sister chromatid
Cell Division & Reproduction
asexual reproduction
genetically identical offspring
sexual reproduction
Offspring genetically not identical
binary fission
prokaryotes
cell division
Duplicates chromosomes
two identical daughter cells
Alterations of Chromosomes Number and Structure
Down syndrome
trisomy 21
extra chromosome 21
Karyotype
detects chromosomal abnormalities
cell divisions error
new species
accidents during meiosis
nondisjunction
alter chromosome number
alterations of chromosome structure
deletion
trasnlocation
inversion
duplication
Meiosis and Crossing Over
Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes
Crossing over
Prophase 1
diploid to haploid
Life cycle
haploid cell
fertilization
zygote
diploid cell
n
gametes
somatic cell
autosomes
homologous chromosomes
locus
sec chromosomes
X & Y chromosomes
Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
Control of Gene Expression
DNA packing
histones
nucleosome
monitoring the expression of genes
nucleic acid hybridization
DNA microarray
differentiation
specialized in structure & function
signal transduction pathway
epigenetic inheritance
eukaryotic transcription
enhancers
transcription factors
eukaryotic RNA
alternative RNA splicing
gene regulation
homeotic gene
turning genes off & on
X chromosome inactivation
Barr body
gene expression
genotype to phenotype
promoter
operator
operon
activators
repressor
regulatory gene
noncoding RNAs
microRNAs (miRNAs)
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
RNA interference (RNAi)
Cloning of Plants and Animals
animal cloning
reproductive cloning
nuclear transplantation
embryonic stem cells
therapeutic cloning
adult stem cells
regeneration
plant cloning
totipotent cells
clone
asexual production
The Genetic Basis of Cancer
lifestyle choices affect risk of cancer
carcinogens
oncogene
causes cancer
proto-oncogene
normal version
tumor-suppressor genes
inhibit cell division
Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
Mendels Law
new technology
law of segregetion
punnett square
genotype
genetic make up
phenotype
physical appearance
testcross
law of independent assortment
monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross
reflect rules of probability
rule of
addition
multiplication
Gregor Mendel
fundamental principles of genetics
Heredity
Genetics
characters
traits
homologous chromosome alleles
breeding garden peas
true breeding parents
genetic cross
hybrid
f1 generation
offspring
1 more item...
dominant disorders
alleles
dominant
recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
pedigree
family pedigree
carriers
Variations on Mendels Laws
many genes have more than two alleles
complete dominance
polygenic inheritance
incomplete dominance
pleiotropy
sickle cell disease
ABO Blood Group
Codominant
environment affects many characters
Sex Chromosomes & Sex-linked Genes
Sex-linked Genes
Majority are x linked
Y Chromosomes
human male evolution
sex linked disorders mostly affects males
chromosome determine sex
sex chromosomes
X
Y
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
chromosome behavior
chromosome theory of inheritance
linked genes
located near and on the same chromosome
cross over
data
map
genetic
linkage
new allele combinations
wild type
mutant
recombination frequency
Chapter 7 : Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
The global significance of photosynthesis
green house effect
natural healing effect
climate change
global warming
rising CO2 levels
The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar
carbon fixation
hot dry climates
C3
photorespiration
C4
minimize photorespiration
CAM
reduction
ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis
input
CO2
output
glucose
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
photosystems
light-harvesting complex
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
capture solar energy
reaction center complex
pigments absorb sunlight radiation
power reactions
photon
electromagnetic spectrum
Introduction to Photosynthesis
occurs in chloroplasts
chlorophyll
stroma
stomata
thylakoids
granum
Calvin cycle
ATP & NADPH
CO2
Stroma
Sugar molecules
carbon fixation
Light reactions
H2O
Thylakoids
NADP+
Chapter 5: The working cell
Cellular Respiration
membrane structure and function
active transport
cost energy
move solution against concentration gradient
Proteins functions
fluid mosaic model
phospholipid bilayer
diverse proteins
diffusion
tendency of particles spread out evenly in available spaces
passive transport
no energy needed
across semipermeable membrane
osmosis
movement of water
across a semipermeable membrane
tonicity
isotonic
normal
hypertonic
cells shrink
hypotonic
cells swell
osmoregulation
plasmolyzed
turgid
normal
flaccid
lysed
cell transport
requires energy
does not require energy
selective permeability
junction protein
receptor protein
attachment protein
glycoprotein transport protein
facilitated diffusion
Energy and the Cell
kinetic energy
potential energy
endergonic reaction
requires energy
potential energy
Thermodynamics
isolated vs open
surrounding
system
ATP
powers nearly all forms of cellular work
Phosphorylation
cell transform energy
fuel
glucose + oxygen
energy convesion
cellular respiration
waste products
CO2
water
Water's Life-Supporting Properties
Chapter 2
Chemical Bonds
Ions
Opposite charges attract
Electrically charged
2 more items...
Chemical Reaction
Reactants
Products
Photosynthesis
1 more item...
Break or make
Electrons
Electron Shells
4 more items...
Covalent Bonds
Polar
2 more items...
Nonpolar
1 more item...
Share electrons
1 more item...
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak but vital
Ionic Bonds
Transfer electrons
2 more items...
Trace Elements
Iron
Iodine
Fluoride
Compounds
2 or more elements
Fixed ratio
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter
Atomic Structure
Symbol
Isotope
1 more item...
Name of Element
Neutrons
Nuetrally charged
1 more item...
Protons
Positively charged
Nucleus
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Electrons
Negatively charged
Matter
Cannot be created or destroyed
Can change / conserved
Mass
Space
Cohesion
Tendency of same kind of molecules sticking together
Surface Tension
Difficulty of breaking surface
Solvent
Solution
Mixture of 2 or more substances
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Versatile
Dissolving agent
Adhesion
Tendency of two kinds of molecules sticking together
Ice Floats
Density
Less than water
Moderates temperature changes
Kinetic Energy
Motion
Thermal Energy
Heat
Absorbed by water
2 more items...
Temperature
Gas, Liquid, Solid
chemical reactions either release or store energy
energy coupling
metabolism
metabolic pathway
law of thermodynamics
1st energy conservation
2nd entropy
How Enzymes Work
inhibitors
competitive
noncompetitive
induced fit
active site
substrate
protein catalysts
activation energy
optional conditions
cofactors
pH
temperature
coenzymes
feedback inhibition
helps regulate metabolism
Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
fermentation
produces ATP
doesn't require oxygen
NAD+ is recycled from NADH
lactate
through lactic acid fermentation
alcohol and CO2
through alcohol fermentation
anaerobic
glycolysis is used to produce ATP
certain bacteria
muscle cells
yeasts
stages of cellular respiration
Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation
NADH & FADH2
Inner mitochondrial membrane
involved electron transport and chemiosmosis
ETC
Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle
citric acid cycle
mitochondria
2 CO2 released
3 NADH and 1 FADH2 produced
2 Carbon from acetyl CoA added
pyruvate oxidation
mitochondria
2NADH
acetyl CoA
CO2
Stage 1: Glycolysis
input
2 NAD+
glucose
2ATP
cytosol
breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules
output
4ATP
2NADH
2 H2O
2 pyruvate
formed through substrate-level phosphorylation
Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP
1 glucose
Glycolsis
2 ATP
2 NADH
Endergonic
Energy is absorbed
Pyruvate Oxidation
2 NADH
acetyl CoA
Carbon Dioxide
Mitochondria
Citric Acid
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Formed when FAD accepts 2 protons and 2 electrons
TOTAL
32ATP
26-28 ATP
Nucleuc Acids
Nucleotides
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Bases
ACGTU
Nucleosides
Pentose Sugar
Ribose
RNA
deoxyribose
DNA
Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
Cell can use 3 types of molecules to make ATP and Obtain Calories from
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Life requires energy
Cellular respiration
Produces ATP
Releases CO2
Uses O2
Exergonic
energy releasing process
Exorgonic reactions: realese energy
Transfer energy from glucose to form ATP
Transfer of electrons in chemical reactions
Oxidation
NADH passes electrons
electron transport chain
Reduction
Aerobic
Oxygen Required
ADP and Phosphate
ATP
ATP Synthase
Enzyme
H+ diffuses through
Endergonic
Energy absorbing process