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ELT APPROACHES - Coggle Diagram
ELT APPROACHES
TASK-BASED LANGUAGE (TBL) TEACHING
- An approach where the planning of learning materials and teaching sessions are based around doing a task.
- In task-based teaching, a lesson/a unit is designed to help learners to complete a task.
- The language content is defined by what learners need to complete the task, not by a grammar syllabus.
- In language teaching, the tasks must involve the processing of information, some kind of communication/interaction, involving a wide variety of language areas (writing, speaking, reading, and listening).
WHAT ARE TBL TECHNIQUES
(activities that students meet in daily real-life situations)Productive task type
(Speaking and writing are productive skills as they involve producing words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs)
- Speaking: make a reservation/ hold a meeting
- Writing: write an email in English
Receptive task type
(Reading and listening are receptive skills as they involve receiving information)
- Reading: sentence completion, summary completion, head matching, and information matching.
- Listening: matching, labelling, form-filling, and multiple choice.
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT)
- An approach to the teaching of second/ foreign languages, emphasizes interaction as both the means and ultimate goal of learning a language.
- Prepare the students to be confident communicators for different real-life contexts, through repetitive oral practices.
- Teachers act as a guide/ facilitator and students engage in class activities to learn the language.
WHAT ARE THE TECHNIQUES OF CLT IN ESL CLASSROOM
(Communicative activities are essential. Activities should be presented in a situation/ context and have a communicative purpose).
- Role-play
- Interviews
- Opinion sharing
- Information gap
- Talk show
- News reporting
DIRECT METHOD
- Focuses on full immersion in the classroom environment where not one word of the students' native language is spoken.
- The focus is not on grammar but instead on learning through listening and speaking
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOMi) Props and total physical response.
- Visual cues are extremely important for a student learning with the direct method (the students need to see the images/actions in order to associate the concept with the new word/language they are learning.
ii) Listening and repetition
- To create an association, they also need to hear something. How the language is used, pronounced, and how to incorporate it into their oral communication.
CRITICISM
- Over-emphasis on oral practice, the other skills namely reading and writing are neglected.
- Counterproductive for average/below average students, as the avoidance of the use of native language makes it harder for them to grasp information.
(A simple brief explanation in native language would have been a more efficient route to comprehension.
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION
- An approach that focuses on the application of grammar and correct sentence structures.
- Mother-tongue is maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the second language.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- In GTM, students translate literary extracts from the target language into their mother-tongue.
- Students memorize bilingual vocabularies, grammar rules, and grammatical paradigms (apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language).
- Example of activity:
Ask students to use google translate or any other translation applications to translate texts and see to what extent the translation was good. Students make necessary changes to improve it (apply necessary rules for improvement).
CRITICISM
- The translation of sentence/texts can be misleading (negative language transfer).
- The main focus is on reading and writing skills. Speaking and listening skills are neglected.
- Less interactive and engaging for students as they only focus on the provided learning materials.
AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
- Consists of teaching a new language through reading a dialogue or text and carrying out drills associated with it.
- Learning a language consists of getting to know its grammar and practicing its rules through many types of drills until habits in the new language are formed.
- Through listening, imitating, and performing controlled tasks, students acquire a new form of verbal behaviors.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOMi) Repetition drill
- Teacher utters a dialogue and asks the students to listen carefully. The students then try to replicate the dialogue as accurate and as quickly as possible.
ii) Replacement drill
- Teacher utters a dialogue and students try to repeat the dialogue by replacing a phrase or clause by one word.
CRITICISM
- Students have a passive role since they have little control over their learning.
- Does not pay sufficient attention to communicative competences (students turn into parrots who can reproduce but never create anything new/spontaneous).
- Oral skills receive more attention than written skills.
STRUCTURAL APPROACH
(Structures > Vocabulary)
- An approach that focuses on the learners mastering the patterns of sentences. It presents the idea of structures which are different arrangements of words in an accepted style.
- Based on the assumptions that language can be best learnt through a scientific selection and grading of the structures or patterns of sentences/vocabulary.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- Students are required to:
i) Understand the grammatical structures.
ii) Speak properly, accordingly to the rules of proper grammar and mechanics; using proper sentence structure.
iii) Read properly, according to the rules of comprehension.
iv) Write properly, according to the rules of proper grammar and mechanics; using proper sentence structure.
CRITICISM
- Structural approach may not be helpful in teaching some topics like poetry, novel and story (the language and style of poetry generally do not follow the normal structures of language.
- This approach may hamper the completion of syllabus of the course of the content as structural approach is a time-consuming technique.
- Emphasis on oral presentation and speech. It ignores the exposure of reading, writing, and vocabulary expression.
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR)
- An approach that combines verbal and physical movement. TPR teachers use physical movements to give students instructions in the target language, and students respond with whole-body actions.
- Students are not forced to speak until they are ready, creating a comfortable setting that greatly reduces anxiety and stress.
- TPR will benefit both kinesthetic learners and visual learners.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- Songs and nursery rhymes.
- Simon says.
- Circle games: the teacher says and performs an action which students repeat. The last student to react is out.
- Scavenger Hunt Challenge.
CRITICISM
- Mainly appropriate for beginners.
- Students are rarely given the opportunity to express their own ideas in a creative manner.
- It can be difficult for shy students.
- Certain target languages may be unsuitable for this approach.
THE NATURAL APPROACH
- An approach that relies on observation and interpretation of how learners acquire first and second languages in non-formal settings.
- An emphasis on comprehension and meaningful communication, as well as the supply of the appropriate types of comprehensible material.
- Less emphasis on grammar, teacher monologues, direct repetition, and accuracy.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- Role play
- The use of charts and tables.
- The use of newspapers, magazines and brochures.
CRITICISM
- It prioritizes receptive language skills rather than productive language skills.
- Essentially designed for beginners, and it may not prove useful for learners at higher levels of language proficiency.
SUGGESTOPEDIA
- An approach that focuses on the link between mental potential and learning capacity.
- Includes visual display, auditory, and physical involvement throughout the learning process, it is one of the approaches that caters the students' learning styles.
- Incorporates emotional meaning into taught lesson, which aids pupils in memorizing,
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- Use music to facilitate learning.
- Reading a text or dialogue to the students.
- A comfortable and secure classroom space.
CRITICISM
- Music can hinder certain tasks. Music with lyrics can cause distractions.
- Suggestopedia relies on infantilization. It requires the student-teacher relationship to resemble that of a parent and child for this approach to work.
- Lacks a clear structure.
THE SILENT WAY
- A language-teaching approach that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching technique.
- Teacher uses gestures, sound, color charts, word charts to elicit and shape students response.
- Learning is aided when the learner finds or develops something. The learners is not a passive observer, but an active participant in the learning process.
- Teacher's responsibility is limited to providing minimum repetitions and corrections while keeping silent most of the time, letting the student struggling to solve difficulties with the language and get an understanding of its mechanism.
HOW IT IS USED IN ESL CLASSROOM
- Sound-color chart.
- Word-chart.
CRITICISM
- In a Silent Way classroom, the learner works independently, and communication is severely limited.
- Students may feel that they do not receive enough feedback. Students will have to adapt to the new way of obtaining feedback and they may feel uneasy at first as there will be no positive/negative reinforcement.
- If a student needs more guidance or scaffolding due to particular needs, this approach might be difficult ( this group of students require frequent interactions with their teacher to be competent).
i)THE ECLECTIC APPROACH
- A language teaching approach that integrates multiple methods and methodologies to teach language based on the goals of the lesson and the capacities of the learners.
- In this approach, the teacher has greater flexibility and adaptability in selecting the best elements based on the needs and goals of the students.
- Different teaching approaches are borrowed and altered to meet the needs of the students. It helps to break up the monotony of the class.
HOW IT IS USED IN THE ESL CLASSROOM
- The teacher will provide a passage for reading. The purpose is to provide a context for the next activities.
- Question Answers. This is a conversational practice in a controlled situation as well as to remind what students previously read.
- Fill in the blanks. This is to let the students interact with the teacher and memorize the vocabulary items.
- Story Writing. A picture will be presented and then the students will be asked to write a story according to their perception of the picture. Reasonable guides and clues will be provided by the teacher after the students have brainstormed.
CRITICISM
- Practical eclecticism in English teaching stated that practical eclecticism does not satisfy the requirement of effectiveness.
- The flaw of eclecticism in language teaching is that it strives to create a form of all-purpose language teaching out of current ways and persuade people that eclecticism is the only correct approach in foreign language teaching methodology.
- Without principles, eclecticism is likely to deteriorate into irrationality.
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