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University-Industry Collaboration (UIC) - Coggle Diagram
University-Industry Collaboration (UIC)
Facilitators
Transaction-related
Availability of funds for collaboration
"need for additional funds to pursue research among academics, where this need is not fully satisfied by available research funds" (Sjöö and Hellström 2019)
Experienced university organization (TTO, IP policies standard procedures, etc.)
"As Hertzfeld et al. (2006) demonstrate, experienced collaborators use standard protocols as starting points for negotiations on IP ownership, facilitating the setting up of new collaborative agreements" (Bruneel et al 2010)
Status centrality (company and university reputations)
"Universities, researchers and firms with high status relative to others are more likely to collaborate and more likely to be chosen as partners" (Sjöö and Hellström 2019)
Small collaborations are easier to setup
"For most firms, U-I interaction involves a long process of learning through small steps, such as enabling student placements through to more extensive engagement. We know little about firms' progression from informal, infrequent interactions to long-term, sustained collaboration with universities. An understanding of this progress may offer great potential for effective policy measures to support U-I collaboration." (Bruneel et al 2010)
Orientation-related
Non-formal external relations (alumni, previous collaboration, etc.)
"the greatest asset of a university: its people, especially alumni. Universities should maintain a connection with alumni and share the progress within the university. Good and continued relationships with alumni can contribute to increased industry engagement, funding for research, donation and broader societal impact" (Awasthy et al 2020)
Environmental context (proximity, government support, etc.)
"geographical proximity is a key predictor: originating in the same country is a strong predictor of university-firm collaboration (Segarra-Blasco and and Arauzo-Carod, 2008)" (Sjöö and Hellström 2019)
Similar culture and mindsets
"Recognizing the cultural and organizational differences, Burquel highlights the need for universities and industries to adapt to each other ' s cultures and requirements (Burquel, 1997)." (Awasthy et al 2020)
Previous collaborative experience
"The analysis shows that prior experience of collaborative research lowers orientation related barriers and that greater levels of trust reduce both types of barriers studied" (Bruneel et al 2010)
Barriers
Orientation-related
Long-term vs short-term objectives
"Ensure Basic Partnership Characteristics - For the success of a partnership, it is important to ensure some basic set of principles to work under. Stakeholders should identify a win-win situation and agree upon it and work under an agreed framework, ensure a long-term commitment" (Awasthy et al 2020)
Different time-frames
"...the differing time-frames adopted by the two sectors. While industry is interested in immediate results to meet their business goals with short-term engagement, university has a focus on long-term basic research to add to deep knowledge [3]" (Awasthy et al 2017)
Lack of visibility of research
"There is no mechanism available to access information about the current state and scope of the research in university" (Awasthy et al 2017)
Goal misalignment (open vs close)
"Struggle on Goal Alignment (...) software engineering researchers tend to focus and align to build tools without enough concern or knowledge about their potential value to industry" (Awasthy et al 2017)
Difficulty in finding the right interlocutors
"If a collaboration is characterized by low levels of trust, partners are less likely to be forthcoming about the knowledge and information required to make the collaboration successful (Inkpen and Tsang, 2005)." (Bruneel et al 2010)
Transaction-related
IP and commercialization conflicts
"However, experience of working with universities does not lower the perceived barriers related to university administrative procedures and conflicts over IP." (Bruneel et al 2010), "many entrepreneurs and business managers believe that universities exercise their IPRs too aggressively, which in turn is perceived to hinder effective technology transfer and collaboration (Siegel et al., 2003)." (Sjöö and Hellström 2019)
University rules and regulations
"SMEs perceive the barriers related to the long-term orientation of universities and to the rules and regulations imposed by universities or government funding agencies as more important than larger firms." (Bruneel et al 2010)
Complex approval procedures
"However, experience of working with universities does not lower the perceived barriers related to university administrative procedures and conflicts over IP." (Bruneel et al 2010)