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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING - Coggle Diagram
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING
Topic 1: Introduction to Computers and Computer System
Basic Components of Von Neumann Machine
CPU
CU
Interface unit
ALU
Memory
John Von Neumann
Input devices
Output devices
Storage
Bus
Modern Computer System and Hardware in Brief
Common Desktop Hardware
Keyboard (i)
Mouse (i)
Speakers (o)
Hard-disk drive (sm)
Screen (o)
CD-ROM device (sm)
Computer Software
System software
Application software
Computer Hardware
System unit
Storage device
Output device
Communications device
Input device
Networks and The Internet
Network: Collection of computers and devices connected together
Internet: Worldwide connection of networks that connect millions
The Components of a computer
Hardware
Software
Types of Computer
Mainframe Computers
Midrange Computers
Supercomputers
Personal Computers
Computer
A device that receives, stores and processes information
Overview and History of Computers
2nd gen
Transistor
3rd gen
Integrated Circuit based
1st gen
Vacuum tube
4th gen
VLSI microprocessor based
0th gen
Mechanical Era
5th gen
ULSI Technology
Topic 2: Data and Data Representation
Bits, Bytes and Words
Bits: Basic unit
Bytes: A unit of digital information
Words: Natural unit of data
Numbering system
Number bases
Radix
Base
Binary system (base 2)
Octal system (base 8)
Decimal system (base 10)
Hexadecimal system (base 16)
ASCII Code, Unicode
Unicode
A worldwide character-encoding standard
16-bit standard
A superset of ASCII
EBCDIC
Restricted mainly to IBM or IBM compatible mainframes
Common in archival data
Character codes differ from ASCII
ASCII
To provide a standard to code various symbols
Binary value between 0-127
Data, Information and Processing
Data formats
Specifications for converting data into computer-usable form
Define the different ways human data may be represented, stored and processed by a computer
Information processing cycle
Collects data > Processing > Produces information
Data: Unprocessed facts
Information: Data that has been interpreted
Knowledge: Information, experience and insight
Processing
Data coding
Image encoding
Video encoding
Character encoding
Data storage and compression
Lossless
Lossy
Data integrity
Completeness
Consistency
Correctness
Validity
Compliance
Topic 3: Computer Programs and Programming Language
Programming Language Paradigms
Object-oriented paradigm
The functional paradigm
Imperative paradigm
The logic paradigm
Programming Application Domains
Artificial application
System programming
Business application
Web software
Scientific application
Overview of computer program and programming language
Elements of computer program
Input > Processing > Output/Storage
Programming language
Assembly language
High level language
Machine language
Computer program
A set of instruction to process the data into information
Topic 4: Introduction to a Visual IDE
Classes
A blueprint - defines the variables and methods
a set of specifications that describes a particular type of object
Objects
Real-world objects
State
Behaviour
Object is defined by its properties and its methods
Do together vs Do in order
Do together
Execute a set of
instructions simultaneously
Do in order
Executed one after the other
Composite objects
An object made up of all the objects contained
Introduction
Algorithm design - through storyboard
Visual storyboard
Textual storyboard
Tool used - Alice 3.4
Topic 5: Methods and Data
Data and Expression
Variable - a storage location that is represented by a name
Type of variables in Alice 3
Parameter variables
Class-level variables
Local variables
World-level variables
A math expression
Performs a calculation and return a value
Needs math operators
-
*
+
/
Parameter
Used to communicate with a method
To hold an argument
Methods
Essentially instruction sets for objects
Commonly result in the object performing some action
method categories in Alice 3
Primitive – built in
User-defined – not yet exist, additional method by the programmer
Method characteristics
Procedure
Function