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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - both block dopamine synapses
  - - - amphetamines
      - methamphetamines
      - cocaine
- - - - blocks transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine into presynaptic neuron
      - blocks histamine & acetylcholine receptors & certain Na+ channels
        
        creates drowsiness, dry mouth & urinating difficulty
    - - blocks reuptake of serotonin
      - e.g. fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft)
      - milder side effects but same effectiveness as tricyclics
    - - blocks monoamine oxidase (enzyme)
        
        results in more of the transmitters in the presynaptic terminal available for release
      - usually prescribed if SSRI's & tricyclics are not effective
    - - miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects & mild side effects
      - bupropion (Wellbutrin)
      - inhibits reuptake of dopamine & some extent of norepinephrine
    - - newer drugs related to SSRIs
      - duloxetine (Cymbalta) & venlafaxine (Effexor)
      - block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
  - - - smaller than average hippocampus
      - impaired learning
      - below average production of hippocampal neurons
  - - - drugs better for dysthymia: long-term & lifelong condition of unhappy mood
      - antidepressants ineffective for childhood neglect/abuse victims
      - psychotherapy more likely reduce relapse months or years later
  - - - can be minimised if shock localised to right hemisphere
- - - - hallucinations & delusions
      - body odor
      - weak/absent signs of emotion, speech & socialisation
      - deficits in pursuit eye movements
  - - - difficulty of using and understanding abstract concepts
- - - - little energy
      - feelings of worthlessness
      - suicidal thoughts
      - little pleasure
  - - - more common among women who had depression at other times
      - associated with a drop in estradiol & preogesterone levels
- - - - full blown episodes of mania
    - - milder manic phases (hypomania)
      - anxiety & agitation: primary symptoms
  - - - salt that stabilises mood & prevents relapse in mania or depression
    - - e.g. valproate (Depakote) & carbamazepine
      - work by
        
        decreasing glutamate activity
        
        blocking synthesis of arachidonic acid (chemical) (produced during brain inflammation)