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Nervous System- Marisol Gomez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System- Marisol Gomez Period 1
Major functions of Nervous System:
Sensory Input: The information that is gathered by sensory receptors. Contains info about external and internal change
Integration: interpretation of sensory input
motor input: activation of muscles and glands produce response.
Major divisions and subdivisions
The major divisions are the diencephalon, cerebral hemisphere, brain stem and cerebellum
Brain stem: medulla, pons, spinal cord and mid brain
Action potential (4 steps):
Resting State: NA+ and K+ channels closed. Maintain resting membrane potential
Depolarization: NA+ channels open up. NA+ influx, more depolarization opens more NA+ channels.
Repolarization: NA+ channels are inactivating and K_ channels open. NA+ channels gate closes.
4.Hyperpolarization: Some K+ channels remain open. NA+ channels reset. Inside membrane, becomes more negative in resting.
Classification of Neurons:
Sensory: transmit impulses from sensory receptors to CNS. almost all unipolar.
Motor: carry impulses from CNS to effectors, Multipolor
Interneurons: lie between motor and sensory neurons. Signal through CNS pathways
Major parts and functions of the Brain:
Pons: Sends info from cerebrum to cerebellum
Midbrain: Projection fibers
Medulla Oblongota: Info to cerebellum
Cerebellum: Process information from cortex.
Neuroglia in CNS:
Astrocytes: support and brace neurons, exchange capillaries and neurons.
Microglial cells: transform to micro-organisms and neuron debris
Ependymal: form barrier between CSF in cavity and tissue
Oligodendrocytes: wrap CNS nerve fibers. form insulating myelin sheaths
Neuroglia in PNS:
Satellite cells: similar function to astrocytes
Schwann Cells: vital to regeneration of damages peripheral nerve
Neurons:
Special Characteristics: amniotic, few expectations, and longevity
Nuclei: cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Ganglia: cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS
specialized in cells conducting impulses
Neurotransmitter
50 or more NT
can be made by 2 or more neurons
Classified by chemical and function
Acetylcholine: released at neurotransmitter junctions. degraded by Ach
Biogenic amins: Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Indolamines: serotonin and histamine. play role in emotions
Cranial Nerves:
12 parts of cranial nerves
Olfactory Nerves: nerves of smell, purely sensory
Optic nerves: arise from retinas, really a brain tract. Pass through optic canals and purely sensory
Oculomotor nerves: fiber extend from ventral midbrain. Function: raising eyelid and directing eyeball
Trochlear nerves: fibers from dorsal midbrain enter orbits. primarily motor nerve
Trigeminal nerve: 3 divisions....... Opthalmic: pass through superior orbital................ Maxillary: pass through foramen rotundum........... Mandibular: pass through foramen ovule
Abducens Nerve: interior pons. primarily motor
Facial Nerves: Fiber from pons. measure and emerge through stylomastoid. sensory function
Vestibulocochlear nerves: pass through inner ear through internal acoustics. Auditory nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve: motor functions, innervate part of tongue and parry for swallowing. Impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue
Vagus nerves: Only cranial nerves extend beyond head. Fibers from medulla. Help regulate heart
Acessory Nerves: Formed from ventral rootlets. formerly spinal accessory nerve
Hypoglossal Nerves: muscle of tongues swallowing and speech
Spinal Nerves:
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
Pairs of cervical nerves (c1-c8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T8)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (l1-l5)
5 pairs of acral nerves: (s1-s5)
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves: (c0)
Reflex Arc:
Receptor: site of stimulus action
Sensory neuron: different impulses transmitter to CNS
Integration center: monosynaptic or polysynaptic in CNS
Motor neuron: efferent impulses from integration to effector organ
effector: muscle fiber or gland cell. responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
Drugs
LSD: Affects the persons wakefulness
Heroine: This drug doesn't allow dopamine to be released. The person tends to feel sedated.
Ecstasy: Transports serotonin out of cell. Tends to mess up sleep, mood, perception and eating.
Marijuana: Dopamine is release and enters synapse/ The person will feel relaxed and calm.
Methamphetamine: Mimics dopamine so it's taken by transporters. Person feels pleasure and exhilaration
alcohol: Prevents receptor from exiting cell. Affects memory formation.
Cocaine: Blocks transporters, keep them trapped in synaptic cleft. person feels fidgety because voluntary movement aren't controlled.
Opioids: taken by pill, patch, inject, etc. Cause warmth and pleasure.
Inhalants: Taken by inhaling. Impair speech, coordination and judgement.
MDMA: By swallowing or snorting. Cause distortion of perception
Nicotine: Taken by inhaling, vaping, patch, etc. Causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, and more.
Psychedelics: Taken by swallowing, snorting, injection or smoking Causes the body to hallucinate.
Dissociative drug: Taken by swallowing, snorting, injecting or smoking. Causes you to lose touch with reality. Also, can cause death, fever, seizure and coma.
Major parts & function of the Spinal Cord:
Function: Provides communication from the brain and reflexes happen at arc.
Parts: Spinal Nerve, gray matter, white matter, epidural space, and spinal roots.
Connective Tissue Covering:
Endomysium: Link muscle to bone where the muscle pulls
Dura Matter; Hard outer layer on brain
Pia matter: Shiny covering
Arachnoid matter: spider liked layer.
Compare and Contrast:
Parasympathetic= cranium
Sympathetic: lumbar and thoracic
Parasympathetic: long..........Sympathetic: short
Dissociative Disorders:
Parkinson
Huntington disease
Cerebral palsy
spinalbfida
Alzheimer
Epileptic disease