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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hormones
        
        Antidiuretic (ADH)
        Oxytocin
      - Hypothalamus axon extends inside and enter inferior hypophyseal artery
    - - Hypophyseal Portal system: link capillary beds
      - Hormones
        
        Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
        Thyroid (TSH)
        Growth (GW)
        Prolactin (PSL)*
        Luteinizing (LH) + Follicle (FSH)
      - Walls consist of epithelial tissue
  - - - R/L Lobe connect via central isthmus
      - Follicles for iodine storage
    - - Thyroid hormone: metabolism
      - Calcitonin: reduce Ca2+ lvl via simulating osteoblasts or inhibiting osteoclasts
  - - - Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
      - Zona fasciculata: cortisol
      - Zona Reticularis: sex hormones
      - All derivatives of cholesterol (lipid)
    - - Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- - - - Muscularis Externa: circular/longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus
      - Submucosa- dense irregular CT, blood vessels
      - Mucus, simple columnar w/ goblet cells, areolar CT
      - Serosa- visceral peritoneum or adventia
    - - Plica (folds)
      - Villus (in mucosa)
      - Microvilli (in membrane)
  - - - Parotid
        Submandibular
        Sublingual
      - Produce salivary amylase --> breaks down starch
    - - Areas
        
        External
        
        Neck: connects to gum
        
        Rot: below gums
        
        Crown: exposed pt
        
        Internal
        
        Root canal: marrow passage for nerves + vessels
        
        Pulp: soft tissue in center
        
        Dentin: mineralized matrix around pulp
        
        Enamel: mineral cover around dentin in crown
        
        Cementum: mineral cover around dentin in root
      - Types
        
        Incisors (8), Cuspids (4), Bicuspids (8), molars (12)
      - Dental succession: add 2 premolars + 1 molar (wisdom teeth)
  - - - Greater omentum- stomach-intestine (adipose)
      - Lesser omentum: stomach-liver-diaphragm
    - - Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
  - - - Duodenum: receive pancreatic juices, neutralize; excess mucus
      - Jejunum- absorb; plica and villi prominent
      - Ileum: lymphoid nodes prevent bacterial growth
    - - Cecum: receive from ileum
        appendix attached to it, extension
      - Colon (4 parts) split via taenia coli and haustra
- - - - Lymphocytes
        
        B-Cells:
        
        T-Cells
        
        NK-Cells
      - Macrophages
    - - Run next to cardiovascular capillaries, but dead-ended
      - Overlapping endothelium = fluids slip in by heart pressure
        (lymphatic capillaries)
      - Thoracic duct
        
        Origin in cisterna chyli
        
        Drains into left subclavian vein
      - Lymph brought in by many afferent vessels and exits through one/few efferent vessels at hilum
    - - Drain interstitial fluid
      - Remove pathogens + cancerous cells
  - - - Peyer's Patches
        
        Located in small intestine
        +aggregated lymphoid
      - Tonsils (5)
        
        Located in Pharynx
  - - - Red Bone Marrow
      - Thymus
        
        Most active in neonates + infants
    - - Lymph Node
      - Trabeculae
      - Spleen: blood defense
- - - - Fibrous capsule: attach to kidney
      - Adipose Capsule: cushioning
      - Renal fascia: external anchoring
    - - Arteries
        
        Renal Artery
        Interlobar Artery
        Arcuate Artery
        Interlobular Artery
        Afferet/Efferent Arterioles
      - Capillaries
        
        Glomerulus
        Peritubular
    - - Renal Corpuscle
        Renal Tubule
      - Podocytes (epithelium capsule, glomerular filtration)
    - - Glomerular (size)
      - Tubular Reabsorption: pick up impt minerals
      - Tubular Secretion: add urea
  - - - Lined with mucosa, transitional epithelium
      - Flow via peristalsis
    - - Superior surface covered by peritoneum
      - Walls made of detrusor smooth muscle
    - - Shorter in females
    - - Relaxation of Internal urethral sphincter-- involuntary
      - Relaxation of external urethral sphincter-- voluntary
      - Contraction of urinary bladder-- involuntary
- - - - Testes
        
        Descent ofTestes
        
        Gubernaculum Testis pulls into scrotum
        
        Incomplete descent = cryptorchidism
        
        Begin near kidney
        
        Divided by septa into lobules, each with 2-3 seminiferous tubules
        
        Interstitial cells secret testosterone
    - - Epididymis
        
        Convoluted tube lined with pseudostratified w/ stereocilia
        
        Nourishes+store spermatozoa
      - Vas Deferens
        
        Pseudostratified epithelium w/ stereocilia + smooth muscle
        
        Peristalic contractions for ejactulation
      - Ejaculatory Duct
      - Urethra
        
        Pathway for urine and sperm
    - - Seminal (60%)
      - Prostate (30%)
      - Bulbourethral (5%)
      - Secretions
        
        Alkaline: neutralize vaginal acid
        
        Fructose: nourishes spermatozoa
        
        Antibiotics + fluid sperm swims in
    - - Scrotum
        
        Keeps sperm at ideal temp
        
        Dartos Muscle: wrinkles skin
        
        Raphe: medial external line of fusion
        
        Layers
        
        External spermatic Fascia (from external oblique)
        
        Cremaster muscle (from internal oblique)
        
        Internal Spermatic Fascia (from transversus abdominis)
        
        Tunica Vaginalis (from peritoneum)
        
        Tunica albuginea (dense irregular CT)
      - Penis
        
        Shared passage for urine and semen
        
        Contains sinuses that can fill to enlarge
        
        2 Corpora Cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
        
        Prepuse
        
        Loose skin that covers glands (removed in circumcision)
        
        Muscles
        
        Ischiocavernosus- stiffening
        
        Bulbospongiosus- wraps around penis, pushes semen
    - - 1 Spermatogonium
        
        1 primary spermatocyte
        
        2 Secondary Spermatocytes
        
        4 Spermatids
        
        4 Spermatozoa
        
        Lose cytoplasm and organelles
        
        Golgi forms acrosomal cap (penetration enzymes)
        
        Centrioles form long flagellum (tail)
        
        Mitochondria cluster around base of tail
      - Spermatozoa "activated" via prostate gland
      - Nurse Cells (Sertoli)
        
        Form blood-testes barrier
      - Spermiation: release of spermatozoa in lumen of seminiferous tubule
  - - - Ovaries
        
        Contains follicles, one oocyte/month
        
        Follicle remain attached = corona radiata
        
        Expel oocyte into peritoneal cavity
        
        Nourishes and provides estrogen
    - - Fallopian Tube
        
        Fimbriae extensions capture oocyte
        
        Lined with ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar
        
        Branched + narrow to detect
      - Uterus
        
        Perimetrium (peritoneum)
        
        Myometrium (3 layers smooth muscle)
        
        Endometrium
        (Glandular tissue-- epithelial + CT)
        
        Basilar Layer: stable
        
        Functional Layer: lines uterus and degenerates monthly (ruptured blood vessels)
      - Vagina
        
        Fxn: deliver baby and eliminate mensural fluid
        
        Distal end closed by hymen (used to be sign of virginity)
    - - Labia Majora
        
        contains erectile tissue similar to corpus spongiosum
      - Labia Minora
        
        define vestibule, contains vagina +
        urethral opening + clitoris
    - - Accessory Glands
        
        Vaginal Gland
        
        Mammary Gland
      - Broad Ligament (folds of peritoneum)
    - - Oogenesis
        
        Released Cell is secondary oocyte that can be fertilized
        
        Results in 1 ovum and 2 Polar Bodies
      - Ovulation
        
        14 days of estrogen from follicles, 14 days progesterone
        
        Shedding of functional lining
        
        Placenta during pregnancy cause production of progesterone
  - - - Oocyte and sperm/spermatozoon merge
      - Meiosis: produce gametes