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Nervous Yoselin Orozco Madrigal Period 6 Honors Anatomy - Coggle Diagram
Nervous Yoselin Orozco Madrigal Period 6 Honors Anatomy
Disorders:
Alzhemer's:
progressive degeneration diseases that results in dementia aka lose of memory
Neurofibrillary Tangles:
neurons interfere with mechanism killing the neuron
Parkinson's:
the basal nuclei is deprived resulting in tumors
Huntington's:
fatal heredity disorder caused by accumulation of protein in the brain cells
Meningitis:
inflimation in the brain caused threw menings
Hydrocephalus:
Blocks CSF circulation. can compress blood vessels and crush soft neurons
Cerebral palsy:
neuromuscular disability involving poorly controlled or paralyzed voluntary muscles
Anencephaly:
cerebrum and brain stem never develop because neural fluid fails to fuse
Spina Bifida:
incomplete formation of vertebral arches. Laminae and spinous are missing on vertebra
Spina Bifida Occulata:
least serious and has one or few vertebra are missing
Hypertension:
overactive response to stress.aka high blood pressure making the heart work harder and artery walls increase wear and tear
Raynaud's Disease:
pain in fingers and toes turning your digitalis pale
Autonomic Dysreflexia:
life threatening with an uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
Cranial Nerves:
Vestibulocochlear nerves:
for hearing. formerly auditory nerve that pass through inner ear and enters brain stem
Glossopharyngeal nerves:
for taste. runs to throat and for swallowing and providing fibers to salivary glands
Facial nerves:
for facial expressions. impulses to salivary glands
Vagus nerves:
for gag reflex. carry impulses from thoraic and abdominal viscera
Abducens nerves:
for eye movement. from inferior pons enter orbits via orbital fissures
Acessory nerves:
for neck muscle formed by ventral roots of spinal cord. formerly spinal accessory nerve
Trigeminal nerves:
a mixed nerve. also the largest cranial nerve for sensory touch with three divisions. knows as maxillary, mandibular and ophthalmic.
Trochlear nerves:
for eye movement. fibers from midbrain enter orbit via fissures
Oculomotor nerves:
for eye movement. function is to raise eyelid, constricting iris and directing eyeball
Hypoglossal nerves:
for swallowing with muscles of tongue that contribute swallowing and speech
Optic nerves:
for vision. passes through canals coverage and paractically crosses over chiasma nerve. really is a brain tract
Olfactory nerves:
for smell. fibers synapse in olfactory bulbs
Reflex Arc:
Integration Center:
monosynaptic or polysynapttic region within CNS
Motor Neuron:
conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
Sensory Neuron:
transmits afferent impulses to CNS
Effector:
muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting reflexes are classified as somatic and autonomic reflexes
Receptor:
site of stimulus action
Brain parts & functions:
Mammillary Bodies:
Acts as olfactory relay stations.
Infundibulum:
Stalk that connects to pituitary gland.
Brain Stem:
controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival
Pons:
Located between midbrain and medulla. The fourth ventricle separates pons from cerebellum. It helps maintain normal rhythm of breathing.
Medulla Oblongata:
Knows as medulla. Blends into spinal cord at formamen magnum. At the end and almost connects to spinal cord. Contains
Choroid Plexus:
forms cerebral spinal fluid
Midbrain:
Located between diencephalon and pons
Cerebellum:
11% of brain mass. Contains ARBOR VITAE that is a tree like image of gray and white matter.
Meninges:
protects the brain and CNS and contains CSF
Arachnoid Mater:
middle layer
Pia Mater:
closest to brain clinging tightly transparent layer
Dura Mater:
strongest menix used for main protection
Subaracnoid
: filled with cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels
The Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus:
Located below thalamus. Forms cap over brain stem and forms third ventricle. Main visceral control and vital to homeostasis
Epithalamus:
Most dorsal portion of diencephalon. Comes last meaning its more dorsal or deepest. Forms roof of third ventricle and contains pineal body
Thalamus
: acts as a relay station for information. Sends impulses from cerebellum to hypothalamus. Helps with memory and sensory integration.
Drugs:
Opioids:
taken by a pill, injection, snorting and smoking.This is a drug from a poppy plant or made in a lab. this drug will rush your pleasure and enhance your pupils. Can cause clouded thinking and stop breathing if taken too much.
Inhalents:
In sprays and gases and can be inhaled. affects the brain with force and speed. causes hallucinations, confusion and sudden death with brain damage and seizures
MDMA:
known as ecstasy taken my swallowing or snorting and is a stimulant. causes an increase in energy and can create emotional connections with others
Nicotine:
in a cigar, tobacco, puff or pipe. is a stimulant and can have a calming effect with intense cravings and sleep disturbances
Psychedelics:
in mushrooms, cactus etc. is a hallucination drug taken by smoking, injecting, swallowing and snorting. you feel and hear things that are not real. you also increase body temperature, blood pressure, nausea and panic
Dissociative Drug:
a cough suppressor causing hallucinations and distortion of perception. you also may feel a detachment from body
Methamphetamine:
mimics dopamine and is highly addictive becuase it works directly on the brain's pathway. feels intense pleasure and exhilaration
Alcohol:
affects memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
Cocaine:
active in brain controlling voluntary movements and may cause a fidget
LSD:
responsible for feeling of wakefulness and evokes response to stimulus
Heroine:
produces feeling of sedation and well being. responsible for feeling of transmission of pain signals and stress
Ecstasy
: alters transporter and causes a temporary confusion.responsible for mood, sleep, and perception
Marijuana
: binds to cannabis. responsible for making one feel relaxed and calm
Connective Tissue Coverings:
Perineurium
: course connective tissue into fascicles
Epineurium:
tough fibrous sheath around fascicles to nerve
Endonerium:
loose connective tissue enclosing axon & mylein
Major Subdivisions & Divisions:
Peripheral Nervous System:
portion of nervous system outside CNS extended from brain and spinal cord
Motor (efferent) Division:
transmits impulses from CNS of effector organs
Somatic Nervous System:
voluntary impulse from CNS to skeletal muscle
Autonomic Nervous System:
involuntary impulse regulating smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Sympathetic
:mobilizes body during activity. shun ts blood to hear and skeletal muscles , dilates bronchitis
Parasympathetic Division:
keeps body energy use as low as possible referred to as rest and digest
Sensory (afferent) Division:
convey impulses from skin skeletal muscles and glands to CNS
Central Nervous System:
consists of brain and spinal cord
Major Functions of Nervous System:
Controls, regulates and communicates to the body. Focused on learning and memorizing but also regulates and maintains homeostasis.
Integration:
processing and interpretation pf sensory input
Motor output:
activation of effector organs processing a response
Sensory input:
information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Neurotransmitters:
Acetylcholine:
Involved with thought, memory and learning. Also associated with awareness and attention to activate muscles in body.
Dopamine:
feelings of pleasure but also addiction, movement and motivation. Also can be classified as repeated behaviors
Serotonin:
Contributes to well being and happiness. Helps sleep cycle and digestive system. Affected by light exposure and exercise
Endorphins:
released during exercise,excitement, and sex. Produces excitement reducing pain
Adrenaline:
produced in stressful or exciting situations. In crease in blood pressure and heart rate leading to heightened awareness
Spinal Cord parts & functions
Dorsal Roots:
contains sensory (afferent) meaning it arrives with fibers from sensory neurons that conducts impulses from peripheral receptors
Ventral Roots:
contains motor (efferent) which exists fibers from ventral horn that innervates skeletal muscles
Action Potential & Nerve Impulse:
Long distance signals of axons. This is the main way neurons send signals at a long distance. This occurs in muscle cells and axons of neurons
Spinal Nerves:
Lumbar Nerves:
5 pairs
Coccygeal Nerves:
1 pair (tiny)
Thoraic Nerves:
12 pairs
Cervical Nerves:
8 pairs
Tissues:
Neuroglia:
Oligodendrocytes:
branched cells insulating myelin in thicker nerve fibers
Satellite Cells:
surrounds neuron in cell body of PNS
Ependymal Cells:
forms barrier of cerebral spinal fluid
Shwann Cells:
are neurolemmocytes vital to regulation of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
Microglial Cells:
monitors neurons migrating towards injured neurons
Astrocytes:
star shape cleaning to neurons
Neuron:
Dendrite:
contains short axons conveys incoming messages toward cell body. highly specialized to collect information
Axon:
conducts region of neuron.generates nerve impulse and transmits along axolemma. has long axons
Myelin Sheath:
protects and electrically insulate axon to increase speed of nerve impulse transition
Schwann Cell:
surrounds all peripheral nerve fiber and forms myelin in thicker nerve fibers
Axon Terminal:
secretes neurotransmitters released into extra cellular space.can excite or inhibit neurons
Node of ranvier:
Compare & Contrast ANS:
Effectors:
innervates cardiac muscle, smooth & glands
Efferent pathways:
uses a two neuron chain
Preganglionic neuron
: inside CNS, is thin and lightly meylinated expanding to ganglion
Postganglionic neuron:
outside CNS that effects to effector organ
Classification of Neurons:
Sensory:
transmits impluses from sensory receptors towards CNS. Are unipolar and located in ganglia in PNS
Interneuron:
called association neurons and are between motor and sensory neurons. 99% of body neurons are body neurons
Motor:
Carries impulses from CNS to effectors. Are multipolar
Multipolar:
3 or more processes and most common
Bioplar:
2 processes and are rare
Unipolar:
1 t-like process