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Caregiver-infant interactions, Evaluation, Attachment figures, Evaluation …
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Evaluation
:( Hard to know what is happening when observing infants. Most of their actions have no meaning as they're immobile at this age: merely hand movements.
:) Controlled observation capture fine detail. Mother and infant filmed from multiple angles so gain all insight. Babies don't know or care if being observed so no demand characteristics.
:( / :)Don't tell us purpose: synchrony is just copying so we don't know the actual meaning of the actions. But there is evidence that reciprocity is useful for attachments.
Attachment figures
The role of the father: Grossman longitudinal study, parents behaviours and how this affected children in their teens. Quality of attachment to mothers affected their attachment in adolescence
But quality of fathers play was related to quality of adolescent attachments. Fathers have different role in attachment.
The role of the father: Field, 4 month old babies filmed interactions with primary caregiver mothers, fathers and secondary caregiver fathers. Primary caregiver fathers spent more time smiling and holding.
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Parent-infant attachment: Schaffer and Emerson found mostly we become attached to mothers first and then from secondary attachments: 75% attachement with father after 18 months.
Evaluation
:( Inconsistent finding on fathers: different researchers interested in different questions (fathers as secondary attachment figures or primary caregivers). Psychologists can't answer what is the role of the father.
:( Why aren't children without fathers different if have distinctive role: MacCallum and Golombok, children growing up in same sex or single parent do not develop any different. Suggests secondary fathers are not significant.
:( Why don't fathers become primary attachments?: could be due to traditional gender roles. Oestrogen could cause women to be more nurturing.