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Topic 3 :Computer Programs and Programming Language - Coggle Diagram
Topic 3 :Computer Programs and Programming Language
Overview of computer program and programming language
Computer Program
computer program = set of instructions that the computer needs to follow to process the data into information.
They tell the computer =
1) What actions you want the computer to perform
2) The order those actions should happen in
Elements of Computer Program
1) Input
2) Processing
3) Storage / output
Programming Language
programming language = system of signs used to communicate a task/algorithm to a computer, causing the task to be performed (computation)
Machine Language
Consists of individual instructions that will be executed by the CPU one at a time.
Using Binary code
Assembly Language
Designed for a specific family of processors
converted to machine code by an assembler
slow and error-prone but is more efficient in terms of hardware performance.
High level Language
use statements consisting of English-like keywords such as "FOR", "PRINT" or “IF“, ....etc
easier than assembly language
Operations can be described using familiar symbols
Programming Language Paradigms
Programming Paradigm
model for a class of programming language that share a common characteristics and its differences
Common Programming Paradigms
Imperative paradigm
Describe how the computer should achieve solution
Example of : C, Pascal, FORTRAN, ALGO 60 & COBOL
The sequential execution of instructions
The use of variables representing memory locations
The use of assignment to change the values of variables
Object Oriented Paradigm
Based on imperative / procedural style with added data & code abstraction & encapsulation
organized around objects rather actions, data rather than logic
Example : Smalltalk, C++ & Java
Logic Paradigm
declarative and relational style of programming
Example : Prolog
Based on facts & rules
(clauses (may contain logic variables))
Functional Paradigm
Based on the concept of functions in mathematics, Lambda calculus
compact, but run slowly and require a lot of memory
Examples : Haskell, ML, LISP & Scheme
Programming Application Domains
Scientific Application
Language : Fortran (FORmula TRANslator)
Example application: NASA, Biotech
Business Appliction
Languange: COBOL
Example : Banking
Artifical Intelligence
Language: LISP, Prolog
Example : Manufacturing, Robotic
System Programming
Language : PL/S, BLISS, Extended Algol, C
Example : Operating System
Web Software
Language : Javascript, PHP
Example : Internet application