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Power and Authority Syllabus - Coggle Diagram
Power and Authority Syllabus
Impacts of the Peace Treaties
Economic
Nations suffering reparations payments suffered immensely economically - Germany prime example
Social
In nations that suffered from the treaties, social unrest occured
Large disconent in nations that felt they were owed more - Italy, Japan and France
Political
Lead to the foundation of new governments in the losing nations
Some nations left irritated with the terms - Italy, Japan, France
Geographic
Dissolution of Austria Hungary
Creation of Poland
Territorial changes in Germany
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Militaristic
Some armies are decreased - Germany
Left a power imbalance in Europe
Dictatorships in Italy, Japan and Russia
Influences
Russia
WW1
2.7 million dead
Losing to Germany and Austria-Hungary
Poor economy
Civil unrest - Bloody Sunday, 1905 Revolution, riots and protests during the war, Civil War
Italy
Social discontent with existing government
Economic issues
Italy took out large loans for the war that they struggled to repay
2,000,000 unemployed Italians after the war
GDP fell by 14% in 1919 and another 7.6% in 1920
The value of the Lira collapsed
Anger from Treaty of Versailles
Italy was promised territory in Slovenia and Albania that it did not get
Also received less money than expected
WW1
650,000 dead
another 1,000,000 casualites
Japan
Excluded largely in post war treaties
Poor economy
Great Depression
Lack of natural resources
Social unrest
Discontent with government
Similarities
WW1
Treaty of Versailles impact (all 3)
Impact on the econonmy
Deaths and destruction from the war
Militarism
Italy - Invasion of Albania and Ethiopia
Japan - Invasion of Manchuria and China and Russia previously
Russian development of military
Nationalism
Charismatic Leaders
Mussolini
Stalin and Lenin
Tojo
Economic Issues
Great Depression
Post WW1 issues
Unemployment
Indoctrination
Propaganda
Suppression fo free speech and press
Consolidation of power
Exterminating political rivals
Civil War - Russia
March on Rome - Italy
Military takeover - Japan
Use of force
Black Shirts - Italy
The Cheka - Russia
Kenpeitai - Japan
Key Features
Russia
Charismatic Leader - Lenin and Stalin
Oppressive - NKVD, KGB
Corrupt - Stalin rise to power
Radical
Italy
Charismatic Leader - Mussolini
'Ill Duce'
Militaristic - Invasion of Ethiopia and Albania
Indoctrination
Rejection of Liberal democracy and communism
Nationalistic
Glorification on Italy's ancient past and a rebirth of the nation
Japan
Militaristic - Invasion of Manchuria
Nationalistic - notion of 'die for the emperor'
Indoctrination
Propaganda
Bushido
Racial Superiority
Charismatic Leader
Rise of Nazism in Germany (1919 - 1930)
Rise of Nazi Party in Germany
Economic Crisis
Economic issues in Germany such as the hyperinflation crisis and the French occupation of the Ruhr lead to economic downturn
The Beer Hall Putsch
Hitlers first failed attempt at revolution created a name for the Nazi party
Mein Kampf
Written by Hitler in prison, it details the Nazi ideology and was quickly spread across Germany
Growth in popularity
Once Hitler was able to speak as head of the Nazi party he was able to persuade people to join
Initial Consolidation of Nazi Power
The Reichstag Fire Decree - 1933
Allowed Hitler to enact 'emergency powers' that gave the government and the Nazi's full control. Allowed for the elimination of political opposition, most notably communists
The Enabling Act - 1933
The Enabling Act allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany's parliament, giving the Nazis full power
The Night of the Long Knives
Allowed for Hitler to eliminate his opposition outside and inside the Nazi party. Most notably, secured the loyalty of the army
The Death of President Hindenburg
Allowed Hitler to seize ultimate power
The Nature of Nazi Idealogy
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinists believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Hitler used it to justify Aryan superiority
Volksgemeinschaft
The peoples community
Racial utopia
Purification of Aryan race
Every aspect of one's life contributed to the overall good of the community
Lebensraum
Weltanschauung (World view)
4 Key Pillars of Nazi Idealogy
Anti-Semitism
Anti - Communism
Authoritanian
Extreme Nationaliism
Fuhrerprinzip
The principle that a group is entriely subordinated to a leader who has ultimate control over it
Hitler had ultimate authority - 'Hitler is Germany and Germany is Hitler. He who takes an oath to Hitler takes an oath to Germany' - Rudolf Hess
Conditions leading to Nazism
Economic Crisis
Hyperinflation
French Occupation of the Ruhr
WW1
2,037,000 soldiers died
4.7 million wounded and 1.1 million prisoners
The Treaty of Versailles
Stripped Germany of her colonies
Lead to serve war repayments
German borders stripped down significantly
Military decreased to 100,000 men
Demilitarised Rhineland
War guilt Clause
Lead to Germany having to carry guilt for war
Humiliation to Germany
The Weimar Republic
The Stab in the Back Myth
Nazis Gaining Consolidation Power
Role of Prominent Individuals
Albert Speer
Architect of the Reich - designed Hitler's rallies, minister for armaments 1942 - 1945
Hermann Goring
Vice Chancellor, Head of secret police, commander of the Luftwaffe
Joseph Goebels
Chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945
Heinrich Himmler
Commander of the SS, commander of the Gestapo, minister of the interior, responsible for concentration camps
The Various Methods use by the Nazi Reigime to Exercise Control
Laws
Strength through joy - Gave Hitler support by offering workers rewards
People court - 1934
Censorship
1935 - 1,600 newspapers were closed down
2,500 textbooks by 'unreliable' authors were burned in public
20,000 books by Jews and Communists were burned in 1933
1934 - Malicious Gossip law - telling jokes about Nazis became a crime and resulted in punishment
Repression
Terror
Gestapo
160,000 arrests for political crimes in 1939
SS
Overall units, contained the killing squads
Propaganda
Radio
Posters
Hitler's Cult of Personality