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English LAnguage: Occupation - Coggle Diagram
English LAnguage: Occupation
Key Studies:
Howard Giles (1973)- Accommodation Theory At times, speakers will try to make their language resemble that of their audience to improve communication. This is known as convergence. Some speakers may attempt to use language to distance and distinguish themselves from others. This is known as divergence.
Sinclair and Coulthard (1975)- IRF Structure (initiation, response, feedback) This is a way of analysing educational discourse. The IRF structure is a three-part conversational exchange in which a speaker starts the conversation, a second speaker responds and then the first speaker provides some feedback to what the second speaker said.
John Swales (2011)- Discourse Community Swales defined those within the community as:
Sharing common goals
Using one or more genres of communication
Using specialist lexis and discourse
Possessing the knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in part of the community.
Drew and Heritage (2003)- Inferential frameworks They suggest that members of a discourse community share knowledge built up over time and used to understand implicit meanings within an organisation.
Norman Fairclough (1995)- Synthetic personalisation the simulation of private, face-to-face, person-to-person discourse in public mass-audience discourse (print, radio, television).
Brown and Levinson (1987)- Face Threatening Acts Face can be positive (an individual needs to feel valued, liked and appreciated) or negative (an individual’s need not to feel imposed upon or have their freedom of action threatened). FTAs are when we say something that makes an individual feel uncomfortable and less respected.
Koester (2004)- Phatic Talk- Koester believes phatic talk has an important part to play in getting jobs done. Being sociable and engaging in personal chat promotes values of solidarity and is an important aspect of workplace communication.
Key Occupation Areas:
Police
Teaching
Law
Medicine
Media/advertising
Politics
Mining (example of variant occupation language)
Key Terminology:
Legalese
Restricted occupational lexis
Variant occupational language
Asymmetrical relationships (power asymmetry).
Oppressive and repressive discourse strategies.
Phatic talk
Modal verbs
Politeness markers
Imperatives
Mitigated imperatives
Variety and complexity of sentence structures
Coded language
Standard English
Pronouns
Abbreviations
Acronyms
Lexis relying on shared knowledge
Logo/crest
Terms of address
Parallelism
Anaphora