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Unit 5: Introduction to Memory P1 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 5: Introduction to Memory P1
Modal Model of Memory; Atkinson and Shiffrin
memory is an integrated system that processes information (acquire, store, retrieve)
memory has a limited capacity; limited space, limited resources, limited time
control processes; rehearsal, strategies
Sensory Memory
short-lived sensory memory that hits our visual receptors
persistence of vision; retention of the perception of light
holds a large amount of information for a short period of time
experiment/research; measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory (Sperling,1960)
Short-Term Memory
continuation to Short-Term Memory
stores small amounts of information for a brief duration
includes both new information received from sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory
experiments/research; measuring the duration of short term memory
proactive interference (PI); information learned previously interferes with learning new information
Capacity
chunking; small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
Ericcson et al. (1989)
Chase and Simon (1973)
digit-span
Coding; the way information is represented
auditory coding; Conrad (1964)
visual coding; Della Sala (1999)
semantic coding; Wickens et al. (1976)
physiological; how stimulus is represented by the firing of neurons
mental; how stimulus/experience is represented in the mind
Working Memory
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, reasoning
differs from short-term memory
STM is a single component, WM consists of multiple parts
STM holds information for a brief period of time, WM is concerned with the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
Central Executive (components of WM)
Phonological Loop
phonological similarity effect; letters/ words that sound similar are confused
word-length effect; memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
articulatory suppression; prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered
Visuospatial Sketch Pad, Brooks (1968)
memorize sentence and then consider each word (mentally)
pointing response
Episodic Buffer
backup store that communicates with LTM and WM components
hold information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop/visuospatial sketch pad
WM and the Brain
prefrontal cortex responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information
Funahashi et al. (1989); single cell recordings from monkey's prefrontal cortex during a delay-response task
neurons responded when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay
information remains available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing
areas in frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cerebellum involved in WM
Vogel et al. (2005); high-capacity participants were more efficient at ignoring the distractors