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TIEMPO LIMITE: SABADO 20 DE NOVIEMBRE Entrega de II Avance Capítulo III 20…

- - - - The next point that will be discussed is the data collection tools where can be said that is a process in which the researchers will collect and interpret the information gathered to respond to the research questions and give a preview or general idea of the instruments that will be used in this alternative methodological proposal.
- - - - First of all, it is necessary to cover the importance of having data collection tools in this research.
        
        The data collection tools can be said to be the process in which the researchers will gather, measure and analyze the of information necessary to answer to the reasearch questions and comply with the objectives established
        
        This can be supported by Muhammad (2016) where he explains that the data collection is ''gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes” (p. 202). As mentioned, the researchers will present the reader the ways in which the data will be collected in order to evaluate the outcomes it may be presented.
        
        In addition the data collection tools are important because they will allow the researchers to store and analyze important information about the topic being studied, in this case ways learners can improve their speaking confidence by the use of non-educational applications.
        
        This idea is supported by Ontario (2009) where he mentions that the data collection tools helo to measure a general state of affairs, not limited to specific cases or events. When, data is gathered, tracked and analyzed in a credible way over time, it becomes possible to measure and success'' (p.3).
        
        For that reason, it is revelant to include the importance of the data collection tools as they will provide the reader a clearer vision of the tools necessary in order to collect the data for the application of this proposal.
        
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        Muhammad, S. (2016). Methods of Data Collection. Retrieved fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/325846997_METHODS_OF_DATA_COLLECTION
    - - For example, to mention some type of data collection tools for a qualitative research. It can be shown the
        
        Moving on, to examplify three quantitative data collection tools, it can be mentioned the questionnaires, surveys and experiments.
        
        Mixed examples:
        
        However, with those examples provided, it can be said they will not work in this alternative methodological proposal because as mentioned earlier, this alternative proposal will be carried out by means of a collaborative action research. For this reason the data collection tools will be used by means of a diagnostic, Pre-test and Post-test. By doing that, teachers will implement what is recommended in this proposal; that is, using non educational apps for improving the speaking confidence in the students
        
        Finally, having mentioned all these type of data collection tools examples, in this alternative methodological proposal is centered in the following instruments. Diagnostic, pre and post test. These instruments will allow the reader (teachers) implement what is proposed in this project. For those reasons, th data collection tools choosen for this proposal will help the teacher when reading and implementing this innovative proposal.
        
        Next, this section will provide a vision of the importance of the diagnostic, pre-test, and post-test.
        
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        Here, the data collection tools combines quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis in one study. Individually, these approaches can answer different questions, so combining them can provide you with more in-depth findings.
        
        Carter et. al (2005) highlights the importance of knowing the mixed approach collection tools by saying that qualitative and quantitative research represent distinctive approaches to social research and that each is associated with certain collection of method of data collection (p. 231). Knowing this it can be stated that the instruements that will be used in this case will serve as a combination of both qualitative and quantitative techniques that will provide more depth in the findings of this research.
        
        Questionnaires
        
        This is the firs example of a research too for quantitative research, questionnaires are questions prepared with the intention to obtain data. According to questionnaires are one of the tools of population surveys -a main research method. They also aim at a comparative and representative picture of a particular population.
        
        Gillham, B. (2008). Developing a questionnaire. A&C Black.
        
        with the previously mentioned, it can be said questionnaires help a lot in the developing of the quatitative research method because they can be adapted as questions according to the need of the the researchers.
        
        Surveys
        
        The next example of a data collection tool in a quantitative approach is surveys
        
        A survey is used when the researchers want to collect data from a pre-defined group of participants. This is done with the intention of gaining information and insight more in detail the topic of interest.
        
        Vaske, J. J. (2019). Survey research and analysis. Sagamore-Venture. 1807 North Federal Drive, Urbana, IL 61801.
        
        This idea can be supported by (Check & Schutt, 2012, p. 160). Where they define Survey research as "the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions". This mean that in this case researchers will collect some information and expect answers from the participants.
        
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        Experiments.
        
        Finally, the last example is a experiment. This type of data collection allows the researchers to measure certain information.
        
        For instance, Edmonds et. al (2016) mentions that experiments in research involves random assignments different groups so participants each have an equal change of receiving any of the treatments under study (p.156)
        
        According to the previously said, experiments can be of great use as they allow the researchers to select different groups and experiment with them in order to obtain the desired data.
        
        Edmonds, W., & Kennedy, T. (2017). An applied guide to research designs (Second ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781071802779
        
        Focus Group
        
        This is the first type of data collection tool that involves the use of different questions to a group of people where they discuss a given topic. As mentioned by Carter, et. al (2005) focus groups are discussions organized to explore a specific set of issues'' (p. 221). With this, the researchers can collect the desired data.
        
        Carter, S., & Henderson, L. (2005). Approaches to qualitative data collection in social science. Handbook of health research methods: Investigation, measurement and analysis, 1, 215-230.
        
        Ethnography
        
        Ethnography is another example of a data collection tool for a qualitative research. Naidoo (2012) defined an ethnography as a qualitative
        methodology that lends itself to the study of the beliefs, social interactions, and behaviours of
        small societies, involving participation and observation over a period of time, and the interpretation of data collected'' (p.1). This is a really interesting data collection tool, but it will be used in this action research.
        
        Naidoo, L. (2012). Ethnography: An introduction to definition and method. An ethnography of global landscapes and corridors, 10, 39248.
        
        observations. .
        
        Fiinally the last example of a qualitative data collection tool is observations. This type of tool allows the researchers to gather information or data by subjectives methods.
- - - - However, the most relevant approach to mention is the mixed approach. This proposal will be carried out by means of a mixed approach. The use of mixed-method designs is, day by day, an excellent alternative to address research issues in the educational field. That is why this section will focus more on this type of approach. Mixed methods research is an emerging research approach in the social sciences that joins statistical trends and stories with studying human and social problems. According to (Wisdom, 2013): The term “mixed methods” refers to an emergent methodology of research that advances the systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative data within a single investigation or sustained program of inquiry. The basic premise of this methodology is that such integration permits a more complete and synergistic utilization of data than do separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. (p. 2) Among its first characteristics, it highlights a collection and uses rigorous qualitative and quantitative data to combine them or integrate them within the framework of a specific design.
        
        Based on the above, the main characteristic of mixed methods is the combination of the quantitative and qualitative perspectives in the same study, for which there is a double-track: on the one hand, coherently integrate the interpretation of results from separate analyzes; and, on the other, carry out transformations between quantitative into qualitative, and vice versa. When the research questions are complex, the combination of the methods gives depth to the analysis and better understands the teaching and knowledge learning processes in the health sciences. Mixed approaches use various sources of information combined in different ways to support a more comprehensive analysis of the educational problem. This alternative methodological proposal with a mixed approach goes beyond the quantitative and the qualitative sum.
        
        Moving to highlight the importance of the mixed approach in online teaching of languages for specific purposes has followed an evolution analogous to computers in the knowledge construction process, strongly influenced by advances in linguistics and teaching foreign languages. This has motivated an essential integration of the mixed approach for developing this alternative methodological proposal about innovation in education with the implementation of non-educational apps of technology in learning. Technology supports teaching in practicing and developing the idiom invisible or undetectable form to students.
        
        IGI Global, in the book ''Mobile Devices in Education'', suggests that; "teaching and learning practices in various countries are progressing due to the use of mobile technology and the benefits that come with it, including educational opportunities for students in remote locations. From higher education institutions to K-12 classrooms, portable devices are creating new paths for curriculum development, enhancing the learning experience for students worldwide, and promoting accessibility in terms of both geography and learning abilities." (p.1)
        
        Consequently, in this proposal scenario, non-educational apps have come to have a much more prominent role, and collaborative dynamics have been established that make use of the Web's tools with more significant potential for language learning. In parallel, the need has arisen for the pandemic condition changing the environment into a complete real digital era where most of the students, who have to acquire digital and linguistics skills, make effective use of the wealth of training resources provided by the Internet.
        
        IGI Global. (2020). Mobile Devices in Education: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice. https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=lEHADwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=apps+support+teaching&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT78_F1qf0AhWuSDABHSkxC2oQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=apps%20support%20teaching&f=false
        
        Wisdom, J. (2013, March). Patient-Centered Medical Home. Retrieved from
        https://pcmh.ahrq.gov/page/mixed-methods-integrating-quantitative-and-qualitativedata-collection-and-analysis-while
      - As stated by Schoonenboom and Johnson (2017), Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches (e. g., use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques) for the broad purposes of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration. (p.2)
        
        Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017). www.oecd.org . Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/school/Education-in-Costa-Rica-Highlights.pdf Oxford, R. (2001) Language learning styles and strategies. In. M. Celce-Murcia, Ed.TeachingEnglish as a second or foreign language (3rded.). US A: Heinle & Heinle.
    - - According to Kumar (2018) "The use of statistics is not an integral part of a quantitative study. The main function of statistics is to act as a test to confirm or contradict the conclusions that you have drawn on the basis of your understanding of analysed data. Statistics, among other things, help you to quantify the magnitude of anassociation or relationship, provide an indication of the confidence you can place in your findings andhelp you to isolate the effect of different variables." (p.33)
        
        Kumar, R. (2018). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=uSxUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&dq=importance+of+having+a+type+of+approach+qualitative,+quantitative+and+mixed&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAvrWDrKf0AhXSSzABHVGaAfoQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20having%20a%20type%20of%20approach%20qualitative%2C%20quantitative%20and%20mixed&f=false
        
        Considering the before mentioned, a qualitative approach is a set of systematic actions with their objectives, supported by a theoretical framework or a reference framework, an appropriate work scheme with a definitive horizon. The quantitative approach describes, interprets, or acts on educational reality, organizing new knowledge, theories, methods, means, systems, models, patterns of conduct in an educational procedure or modifying the existing ones. Whoever investigates builds a complex and holistic image, analyzes words, presents detailed informants' perspectives, and conducts the study in a natural setting. The Quantitative approach seeks an in-depth understanding of educational and social phenomena, to the transformation of socio-educational practices and scenarios, to decision-making, and to discover and develop an organized body of knowledge. Also, it is vital to note that since the researcher is part of the study as a mediator of the research, it involves reflecting on his beliefs positioning in the qualitative approach.
  - - - "Qualitative data provide depth and detail through direct quotation and careful, thick description of persons, situations (context), events, interactions, and observed behaviors. Unlike quantitative researchers who seek causal determination, prediction, and generalization of findings, qualitative researchers seek illumination, understanding, and meaning-making instead. Qualitative analysis seeks to capture the richness of people's experience in their own terms."(p.9-10)
        
        As mentioned before, the qualitative approach addresses the meanings and actions of individuals and how they are linked to other community behaviors. Also, it explains social facts, looking for a way to understand them. Researchers analyze, interpret and understand the studied reality as it appears so helping theoretically to: interpret and understand the intersubjectivity as a way of obtaining the truth of reality, the interpretation of the way of thinking of the subject, which is that it gives information and acts as being thinking and participatory in the interpretation of their reality. As a result, detailed data is achieved.
        
        Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership. https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=bvtY7TvU3sEC&pg=PA10&dq=importance+of+qualitative+research&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC67OSuKP0AhUElWoFHb47Aw8Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20qualitative%20research&f=false