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BONE HEALTH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Low intake of calcium during childhood, adolescence, and young adult years can cause deficiency in adulthood. Low vitamin D activity also can contribute to low absorption of calcium, as well as low fluoride intake.
        
        Excess intake of sodium, caffeine, and protein intake can cause urinary loss of calcium for the body.
        
        In Canada, 1/4 women above 50 are calcium deficient. 1/8 men above 50 in Canada are also calcium defiecient.
        
        Elderly people are at the most risk for calcium deficiency, specifically in terms of osteoporosis, which is decreased bone density, and increased bone fragility. There tends to be an increase risk of fracture, specifically in the hips, wrist, or spine.
        
        Strategies that reduce risk of bone fracture include: for young women, an adequate intake of calcium, phosphour,s magnesium, fluoride, vitamin D, and vitamin K, regular menstrual cycles, limited exposure to sun, and a moderately active lifestyle can reduce risk of bone fracture. for adult men and women, an adequate intake of nutrients that support bone health, a moderately active lifestyle that include weight bearing activities, and quitting smoking, with a moderate alcohol intake can reduce risk of bone fractures. for menopausal women, adequate intake of nutrients that support bone health should be determined with a health care professional and continuing to be physically active, alongside making healthy lifestyle choices can reduce risk of bone fracture.
        
        Risk factors for osteoporosis include: age/gender and corresponding hormones, genetics/race (heredity), physical activity levels in terms of weight bearing and resistance exercise, body weight, whether one smokes or drinks, and calcium nutrition, as well as associated nutrients.
- - - - Major Minerals Found in Hydroxyapatetie
        
        Calcium and phosphorus
  - - - Scans the entire body or specific areas.
      - Compares T-scores against a healthy 30 year old of the same race and gender.
      - Non-invasive, painless, and relatively quick,
    - - Also non-invasive and painless.
  - - - Trabecular bone characteristics: lace-like, not as dense as cortical, very dynamic, and sensitive to hormones that regulate blood Ca levels
    - - Cortical bone characteristics: ivory-like, very dense, strong, and slow turnover. Compromise about 80% of the skeleton.
  - - - Stimulates action of vitamin D (calcitriol).
      - Stimulates calcium reasborption in the kidneys.
      - Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones, releasing calcium inot the blood.
      - Ultimately raises blood calcium levels.
    - - Inhibits activation of vitamin D (calcitriol) and osteoclasts from breaking down bone, to prevent the release of calcium
      - Prevents calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
      - Limits calcium absorption in the intestines
      - Ultimately lowers blood calcium levels.
    - - a form of vitamin D
      - Stimulates calcium reasborption in the kidneys.
      - Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones, releasing calcium inot the blood.
      - Enahnces calcium absorption in the intestines.
      - Ultimately raises blood calcium levels.
      - Major sites of action for calcitriol: intestines, where calcitriol increases calcium absorption. in bone, where it activates osteoclast cells to release calcium from bone into blood. in kidneys where it decreases calcium excretion.
- - - - Mg affects calcium balance as it is needed for Vitamin D action and production of parathyroid hormone.
      - used in mineral crystal of bone - can replace calcium in hydroxyapatite
      - reduces cavities in teeth by holding calcium
    - - supports protein, fat, and nucleic acid synthesis
      - stabilizes Phosphate groups in ATP
      - required for neurotransmitter activity regulated by Mg-dependent adenylate cyclase enzyme system
      - inhibits muscle contraction by blocking calcium ion chennel
      - inhibits blood clotting (ion antagonist to calcium)
    - - protects against high blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator
      - lower rates of heart disease in regions where the population drinks hard water (Mg, Ca)