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Malaria in Ethiopia Case Study (CH) - Coggle Diagram
Malaria in Ethiopia Case Study (CH)
What is Malaria?
Symptoms:
chills
fever
vomiting
headache
(these occur 10-15 days since after transmission)
caused by
plasmodium parasite
Has 2 hosts:
Anopheles mosquito (vectors)
humans
transmitted by
Anopheles mosquito
(vector)
Incidence and patterns of Malaria
Endemic in
75%
of Ethiopia's land area
2/3
of the population live in areas at risk
Highest rates are in
Western Lowlands
specifically these provinces:
Tigray
Amhara
Gambella
Lowest rates are in
Central Highlands
where around
1/4
of the country is Malaria free
Environmental causes of Malaria
stagnant surface water
- provides breeding ground for vectors
warm and humid climate
- this type of climate is endemic to the western lowlands (low altitude)
transmission rates peak after the
rainy season
(June - November)
Socio-economic impacts of Malaria
malaria is
endemic
to the region which holds back
development
hardest hit are the
poor
which often live in
crudely built dwellings
which offer little
barrier to mosquitoes
Ethiopians suffer around
5 million
episodes of malaria per year
malaria kills around
70,000
per year in Ethiopia
malaria can cause
absence from work
which results in
slower economic growth
, and reinforces the
cycle of poverty
lost production in Sub-Saharan Africa due to malaria is estimated to be
US $12 Billion
Cost on health services:
malaria absorbs
40%
of Ethiopia's national health expenditure
accounts for
10%
of hospital admissions
Human causes of Malaria
urbanisation
rubbish dumps, flood excavations, discarded containers all provide breeding sites
irrigation schemes
projects in
Awash valley
and
Gambella province
involving construction of micro-dams, canals and rice cultivation have increased breeding sites
population movements
yearly harvest causes large-scale movement of people from malaria-free highlands to agricultural lowlands
coincides with peak transmission due to rainy season
harvest also continues after sunset when mosquitoes are most active
migrant workers sleep in the fields at night
misuse of malarial drugs
- increases drug resistance in malarial parasites
Strategies to control the spread of Malaria
Success?