Unit 4: Linguistics
Domain of Language
function; means of communication, form; systematic code
Essential components
sender/receiver (sharing same code)
message (coded way of transmitting information
coded (systematic set of rules that enable communication)
Universal Properties of Language
Modularity
Constituency and Recursion
Discreteness
Productivity
Arbitrariness
Reliance on Context
Variability
phonology (sounds)
morphology (words)
semantic and pragmatic (meaning)
syntax (rules of sentence pattern)
phenome; basic form of sound, sensed in the mind( without meaning)
combine minimal units of meaning(morpheme) into novel words
dynamic; changes over time
no principle or systematic connection
except onomatopoeia; a word that imitates the sound it represents
Linguistic Competence; Grammar
Rule of Language: Grammar
Finite Rules
sounds
words
sentences of our language
recognize when they are not being followed
effortlessly and usually without awareness
Parts that are left out
Recognize and create ambiguous sentences
paraphrase
utterance
Descriptive rules/grammar; rules linguists focus on when they are concerned with a speaker's implicit knowledge of linguistics systems
Prescriptive rules/grammar; need to be taught and based on what educated people consider to be correct
Ideas of Development
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity
Ferdinand de Saussure; langue and parole (contemporary linguistic)
John B.Watson and B.FSkinner; Rise of Behaviorist Paradigm ( linguistic behavior )
Noam Chomsky; domain of the mind; set of rules in the minds of speakers and hearers, Contemporary Linguistics
simple sentence
adjective
preposition
Relevance of the Rules
appreciate what was involves in the new linguistics of the 20th century
Establish a formal means of encoding rules of language
Rules that are made explicit
Develop linguistics capabilities in computers (computational linguistics)
How infants acquire rules
Chomsky's hypothesis
inborn (innate) linguistic capacity of human; language acquisition (LAD), universal grammar (UG)
analogy-capacity to walk
walking proceeds due to maturation(bones+muscles)
language development occurs if the environment provides exposure to language
Roles of Linguistics
Philosophy
Language and Thought
Consciousness
Cognitive Psychology
Language and Thought
Language Acquisition
Language Deprivation
Language Loss (attrition)
Neuroscience
aphasia
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Translation
Natural Language Processing
Other Language-Related Tasks
FIRST-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION STAGES: cooing, babbling, holophrastic, two word, telegraphic
Bilingualism; bilingual and monolingual
Second-Language Acquisition; LAD, nonlinguistic reasons
critical period
coining new words with new meanings