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PPE revision - Coggle Diagram
PPE revision
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Cuban missile crisis
In the year 1959, Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution that overthrew US-supported General Batista. This ended the co-operation between Cuba and America.
Cuba began to trade with the USSR. Soviets began to sell oil & fuel to Cuba. Brezhnev would go on to visit Cuba in 1974 as the relationship grew stronger.
Cuba began to ask the Soviet Union for (military) defense support. At the same time, the USA was trying to bring Cuba back into America’s sphere of influence.
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Bay of Pigs (April 1961)
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The 1,400 US-backed soldiers were met by an army of 20,000 Cubans. The exiles surrendered.
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1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured.1962 to deliver $53 million worth of food and medicine was sent to Cuba, in exchange for the prisoners.
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The crisis
In October 1962, the USA discovered Soviet Union missile sites on Cuba.
Cuba had allowed the Soviet Union to station missiles there to act as a deterrent to stop the USA attacking Cuba again. The US media and public were panicked.
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On the 20th October 1962, President Kennedy decided on a 'quarantine zone'. He thought an invasion of Cuba risked nuclear war. Instead the blockade would try to stop any Soviet ships from reaching Cuba.
If the Soviet and American ships had engaged in any battles or conflict, it could have provoked a nuclear war. The Soviet Union would not place any missiles on Cuba, if the USA removed its warheads from its army bases in Europe
The USA takes missiles out of Europe without telling the public. On the 28th of October, Krushchev goes on television, agreeing not to send missiles to Cuba.
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A 'hotline' connecting the US President and Leader of the Soviet Union was created so that they could communicate immediately during a crisis.
The USSR looked weaker than the USA as it was not public knowledge that American missiles had been removed in Europe.
In 1968, both countries signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. This stopped the USA and USSR from sharing their nuclear missiles with other nations.
The Berlin Wall
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Between 1952 and 1961, it is estimated that 3.5 million East Germans migrated to West Germany.
This was a propaganda defeat for the Soviets. Skilled workers tended to leave East Germany, so East Germany's output, productivity and wealth didn't rise as much.
The Berlin Ultimatum, November 1958
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Khrushchev threatened that all American, British and French troops should leave Berlin within 6 months.
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The U2 Spy Plane Crisis undermined all progress at the 1960 Paris Summit. Talks broke down after the USSR shot down an American 'U2' spy plane in Russian airspace.
Construction of wall
On the 13th August 1961, the USSR began to build the Berlin Wall.
The Berlin Wall was an effort to solve the refugee crisis and keep people in East Germany and East Berlin.The Berlin Wall was an effort to solve the refugee crisis and keep people in East Germany and East Berlin.
Initially, the Berlin Wall was a flimsy fence with razor wire at the top. Over time, it became a heavier concrete border between East and West Berlin.
The Berlin Wall was a propaganda defeat for the Soviet Union. Having to build a wall to keep your citizens in is not a great look. Although the Berlin Wall was not great, it was less violent than the events of the Hungarian Uprising and was a peaceful solution to the refugee crisis.
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Initially, foreigners were allowed to travel into East Berlin from West Berlin by crossing 'Checkpoint Charlie'. There was a tense stand-off between the Soviet army stopping American citizens from crossing into East Berlin on the 27th October 1961.
East West boundaries
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Cominform (1947)
Cominform was a Soviet organisation that tried to encourage communist uprising in nations across Europe.
Comecon (1949)
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Any nation that joined the Comecon was banned from accepting any money from the Americans under the Marshall Plan.
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NATO (1949)
NATO is a military alliance that is still in place today. It was founded in 1949 and united the USA, France and Great Britain under a new military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Canada.
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