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Introduction To Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Introduction To Psychology
1.Introduction
Components (SBM)
Behavior
Mental Process
Science
Goals
Describe particular behavior
Explanation. Why?
Prediction. What and ways?
Change
Historical Perspective
Evolutionary Approach
- Charles Darwin, Kondrad Lorenz
Cognitive Approach
- Piaget, Sternberg, Howard Gardner & Bandura
Humanistic Approach
- Maslow & Rogers
Psychodynamic Approach
(1895-Present) - Neo Freudian
Behavioral Approach
-Pavloc, Thorndike,John B.Watson, Skinner
Biological Approach
- Johannes Muller, Roger Sperry, James Olds
Functionalism
(1890), William James
Structuralism
, Edward Titchener (1890)
Experimental Psychology Pioneer (1970-1880)
- Wilhelm Wundt, Father of Psychology
Specialties
Social Psychology
Counselling Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Education Psychology
Biopsychology/neuroscience
Gender/Cultural Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Research Methods
Survey Method
Random sampling from Population
Case Study
Correlation Design
Naturalistic
Experimental Research
4. Consciousness
waking consciousness
altered state of consciousness
Brain wave pattern (EEG)
Alpha waves
Theta waves
Beta waves
Delta waves
Dreams
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic-dreams as wish fulfillment
Latent content – the true, hidden meaning of a dream.
Manifest content – the actual dream itself
Biological view
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
Cognitive View - Dreams are an extension of everyday life – a form of thinking during sleep.
Studies show that most people tend to dream in color, full of discontinuities, ambiguities an inconsistency
sleep
why we sleep?
Repair/restoration theory - necessary to physical health
Evolutionary/ circadian theory/The adaptive theory of sleep - consumed energy
necessity of sleep - microsleep & sleep deprivation
Sleep disorder
Dyssomnia-insomia,apnea & narcolepsy
Parasomnia-night teror,sleep walking
Hypersomnia-too much sleep
Psychoactive Drugs
-drugs that alter thinking, modify perception and memory ( Physical Dependence & Psychological dependence )
Stimulants - drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous
system
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
Depressants - drugs that decrease the functioning of the
nervous system
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol
Narcotics
Morphine
Heroin
Opium
Psychogenic drugs - drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
Healthier ways to alter consciousness
Hypnosis
Meditation
Fantasy
Consciousness
5. Learning
Operant conditioning - (Instrumental conditioning/Skinnerian) - Tikus
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement - increase response
Negative reinforcement - decrease response
Punishment
Cognitive learning
Insight and latent learning
Wolfgang Kohler - chimpanzees
Stick experiment
Box problem
Stick experiment
Box problem
Insight and latent learning
Seligman Depressed Dog: Learned Helplessness -Dog electrified
Classical conditioning ( Pavlovian conditioning/Respondent
conditioning ) - Anjing + Air Liur
Observation/Imitation/Social learning
Albert Bandura
Retention (memory)
Motor reproduction
Attention
Reinforcement
7.Cognition - Thinking, Intelligence & Language
Biological bases of behavior
Neurons -cell of nervous system responsible received and transmit information
Soma
Axon- serve output to other neurons
Dendrites - serve input for neurons because it received input from other neurons
Type of neurotransmitters
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Epinephrine/Adrenaline
Serotonin
GABA (gamma aminobutyric)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Midbrain - coordinate movement pattern, sleep and arousal
Forebrain - thalasmus, hypothalamus,limbic system and cerebal cortex
Hindbrain - medulla,pons and cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
6. Memory
Sensory Memory
Echoic memory - the brief memory of something a person has
just heard. Duration – 2 -4 seconds
Iconic memory - the brief memory of something a person has
just saw. Remember about 4-5 letters,
STM
Visuospatial sketchpad (ingatan kerja-penglihatan ruang)
Central executive (eksekutif pusat)
Phonological Rehearsal Loop (gelung fonologi)
LTM
hippocampus - Memory with
conscious recall
cerebellum - Memory without
conscious recall
Encoding
Acoustic: sounds, spoken words
Visual: Images, mental snap-shots
Semantic – general meanings- concepts and ideas
Dual ecoding – using 2 or more types encoding.
Stress and Health
Social Psychology
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Therapies
3. Sensation and Perception
Sensation - receiving stimulus and actvation of receptors
Touch-Skin
Pressure
Temperature
Touch
Pain
Hearing -Ears
Middle Ear
Outer ear
Inner Ear
Taste - Tongue
Sour
Salty
Sweet
Bitter
Umami ( Brothy)
Vision - Eyes
Smell-Nose
Perception - Process of interpreting sensory
Selection
Organization
Constancy Perception
Depth Perception
Form Perception
Color Perception
Interpretation
Personality
Developmental Psychology
Motivation and emotion