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Unit 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. englufed cell formed relationship with host cell in which it was enclosed. became. eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion after years of evolution.
  - - - smooth surface
    - - divides mitochondrion into 2 internal components
    - - in-between inner and outer membranes
    - - area in the intermembrane of inholdings in the inner membrane
      - give the inner membrane a high surface area, enhancing productivity of cellular respiration
    - - inside the inner membrane
      - where Krebs cycle occurs
      - contains free ribosomes
    - - where cellular respiration occurs
- - - - associated with heat
      - random movement of atoms or molecules
      - in transfer of one object to another
    - - associated with relative motion of objects
      - energy in/of motion
    - - consists of photons
      - used by plants in photosynthesis
    - - energy an object fosses base dons structure and location
      - the amount of energy and object could potentially
        possess
    - - refers to potential energy possessed by atoms available for release in chemical reactions
    - - Free Energy
        
        a portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
      - Exergonic Reactions
        
        More energy in reactants than in products
        
        reaction releases energy, decreases 𝞓G
        
        spontaneous
        
        no outside energy required to start them
      - Endergonic Reactions
        
        More energy in products than in reactants
        
        reaction absorbs energy, increases 𝞓G
      - Activation Energy
        
        the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
        
        enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed in a reaction, therefore making it more efficient
  - - - energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
      - principle of the conservation of energy
    - - every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
  - - - Adenosine Diphosphate + another Phosphate Group
    - - energy coupling ⇒ use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
    - - transfer of one phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
      - recipients the phosphate group is called the phosphorylated intermediate
        
        phosphate group covalently bonds to phosphorylated intermediate
  - - - enzyme + substrate ⇌ enzyme substrate complex ⇌ enzyme + products
      - bonds involved
        
        weak interactions
        
        hydrogen bonds
        
        ionic bonds
    - - the tightening of an enzyme to the substrate after initial contact
    - - denature if outside of optimal temp or pH range
        
        protein structure will unravel
        
        ruins the enzyme so it can't do work
        
        H+ bonds break
      - work the best when at optimal range
    - - Competitive
        
        bind to active site in place of substrate
        
        directly competing for active site space
        
        can be avoided by increasing the amount of substrate, so there is a higher substrate:enzyme ration, giving substrates a higher chance of binding to the site instead
      - reduces enzyme productivity
      - blocks substrates from entering active sites
      - Non-Competetive
        
        don't directly bind to the active site
        
        bind to a different location on the enzyme which alters the shape of the entire enzyme, making the active site incompatible with the substrate.
      - Allosteric Regulation
        
        describes any case in which the proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site
        
        Cooperactivity
        
        mechanism that amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates
- - - - must be obtained from food, animals do not internally produce them naturally
    - - organic molecules that are required in our diet by a very small amount
  - - - Carnivore
        
        relatively short digestive tract compared to body size
        
        digesting meat
        
        smaller alimentary canal
        
        tiny cecum
      - Herbivore
        
        long alimentary canal
        
        extensive chewing
        
        increases exposure to gisteive juices
        
        long cecum
      - omnivore
        
        long esophaagus
        
        alimentary canal
        
        complex body plan
        
        stomach before intestines
    - - animals cant directly use proteins, carbs nucleic acids fats & phospholipids from food
      - intracellular
        
        hydrolysis of food inside vesicles
      - estracellular
        
        breakdown of food in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body
    - - through the anus
      - some animals partake in chorpography
        
        chorpograpghy
        
        feeding on their own feces & passing good through alimentary canal for a second time
        
        allows animals to maximize nutrient intake from ingested food
    - - in through mouth
      - teeth
        
        molars
        
        premolars
        
        incisors
        
        canines
      - diet depends on animal
        
        herbivore
        
        omnivore
        
        carnivore
- - - - aquiration of electrons
    - - loss of electrons
    - - Xe- becomes oxidized
      - Y becomes reduced
  - - - Glycolysis
        
        occurs in cytosol
        
        1 glucose produces 2 pyruvate and 2 net ATP
        
        occurs both aerobically and anerobically
      - Acetyl CoA Formation
        
        intermediate step between Glycolysis and Krebs
        
        pyruvate ⇒ Acetyl CoA
        
        releases CO2
      - Krebs Cycle
        
        Acetyl CoA goes in, adds 2 carbon group to oxaloacetate in an extremely exergonic reaction, produces citrate
        
        H2o leaves cycle, creates Isocetrate
        
        Isocitrate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH and releases H+
        
        CO2 is released forming α-ketoglutarate
        
        CO2 released as well as NADH & H+ (After CO2 release, resulting 4 carbon molecule is oxidized (reducing NAD+), then made reactive by addition of CoA) form Succinyl CoA
        
        ATP formation between Succinyl CoA & Succinate
        
        Succinate is oxidized and FAD is reduced, forms Fumarate and releases FADH2
        
        occurs in mitochondrial matrix
        
        H20 enters, Fumarate becomes Malate
        
        Malate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced, NADH and H+ released, forms Oxaloacetate
        
        oxidized organic fuel derived from pyruvate
      - Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        electron transport chain
        
        electrons (from NADH or FADH2) move from a less electronegative electron carries to a more electronegative electron carrier down the chain
        
        last electron carrier passes its electrons to oxygen, which is very electronegative
        
        located in inner membrane, pumps ions into inter membrane space
        
        chemiosis
        
        energy coupling mechanism
        
        H+ ions flowing diffusing down their concentration gradient flow through ATP synthase which spins its rotor
        
        occurs in the inner membrane
    - - Alcoholic Fermentation
        
        produced Ethanol and CO2
      - Lactic Fermentation
        
        both start with Glycolysis
        
        produces Lactate