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THE RESTORATION: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM, image - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM
The restoration of the ancient régime
The Restoration was a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime that was imposed by the victorious European powers (After Napoleon's defeat in 1815).
Prussia
Russia
Austria
Great Britain
The supporters believed that the monarch was the only person capable of leading a country.
The European powers met at the 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna.
The European powers agreed to support any monarch who was threatened by revolution or any attempt to limit his or her power.
Europe's borders were changed.
Absolute monarchies were reinstated.
two European alliances were formed
Their main objective was to hold regular meetings in order to resolve Europe's problems.
The Holy Alliance included Russia, Austria and Prussia.
The Quadruple Alliance included Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain.
During the restoration, two European alliances were formed to enforce the agreements
Liberalism, nationalism and democracy.
The European revolutions of the 19th century took place because many people refused to accept the Restoration and the return of the Ancien Régime.
Two ideologies
Nationalism
Democracy
Liberalism
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that advocates individual liberties. The right to life, freedom of experssion association, to choose political representatives and to own private property.
Has its origins in British liberalism and in Enlightenment ideas (equality and liberty).
Represented the wealthy bourgeoisie.
They supported:
constitutions
constitutional monarchy
the separation of powers
popular sovereignty
individual liberties
Nationalism
Nationalism is an ideology that advocates the right of people who define themselves as a nation to form independent states.
They supported:
Common links, culture, history and language.
popular sovereignty.
Each nation sould choose its own form of goverment.
Two tipes of nationalism
Unification nationalism advocated the unification of independent states with a common language and history
Separatist nationalism advocated independence for regions that formed part of multinational states
Democracy
Democratic movements advocated ordinary people's right to participate in politics
The petite bourgeoisie, labourers and peasants rejected the limited male suffrage imposed by the wealthy bourgeoisie.
They supported:
Republic form of goverment
Universal manhood suffrage
The political revolutions of the 19th century.
Were based on liberalism, nationalism and democracy.
The political revolutions that took place during the 19th century finally brought an end to absolute monarchy.
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1820s
In Spain and Portugal there were liberal revolutions that aimed to establish constitutional monarchies.
Greece wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1821 a liberal-nationalist revolution began.
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1830
Belgium wanted independence from Holland, with which it had been united to form the Netherlands as a result of the Congress of Vienna. (Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg became Belgium's constitutional monarch.)
During the Restoration in France, the Bourbons had returned to the throne.
After Charles X's abdication's, the assembly voted for a new king. They chose Charles X's cousin, Louis Philippe of Orleans, who ruled as a constitutional monarch (from 1830 to 1848).
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
1848 marked a more radical phase of the 19th-century revolutions
The petite bourgeoisie and workers advocated democratic principles that would give them access to political power.
These revolutions failed everywhere except in France.
In France, the petite bourgeoisie and workers were successful in securing democratic objectives, in particular universal manhood suffrage.
After Louis Philippe abdicated in 1848, the Second Republic was established.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president. He staged a coup and proclaimed himself emperor in 1852.
He ruled France as Napoleon III until 1870, although he maintained universal manhood suffrage.
Italian and German unification
However, in the 19th century, nationalist movements succeeded in unifying these countries
These divisions were confirmed by the Congress of Vienna.
For many centuries, Germany and Italy had been divided into numerous small states.
Italian unification (1859-1870)
Various factors caused a growth in nationalism
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848 also encouraged nationalism.
Important figures supported Italian unification, both in Italy and overseas.
Nationalist and liberal successes in other countries, such as Belgium and Greece, encouraged Italian nationalists.
The Congress of Vienna left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states.
Was initiated by Piedmont-Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system to other parts of Italy.
, Italian nationalists, led by the prestigious politician and military leader, Garibaldi, conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860.
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king.
German unification (1866-1871)
It's unification began as a result of these factors.
During the Revolution of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state with universal manhood suffrage.
In 1834, a customs union (the Zollverein) had been established.
Like in Italy, liberal and nationalist ideas were popular in Germany.
After the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was divided into 39 states, which was dominated by Austria
Otto von Bismarck, who had been named Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia in 1862, started the process of unification.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
Both unifications affected European international relations. The German Empire became Europe's dominant power.
Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas
In the 19th century...
Spain experienced similar political processes to the rest of Europe
During the reign of Fernando VII, absolutism was restored.
Later on, under Isabel II there was a liberal period.
Finally, there was a brief democratic phase when Spain became a republic.
The reign of Fernando VIII (1814-1833)
After the defeat of Napoleon in the Spanish War of Independence, Joseph I was forced to leave Spain and Fernando VII returned. His reign divided in three phases.
The absolutist phase (1814–1820): at the start, Fernando VII enjoyed the support of the Spanish people, the Cádiz Cortes and the absolutists.
The liberal phase (1820–1823): a period of political instability followed, as some liberals organised military coups designed to overthrow absolutism.
The ominous decade (1823–1833): in 1823 Fernando VII asked the Holy Alliance for assistance.
At the end of his reign, Fernando VII proclaimed his Pragmatic Sanction.
The reign of Isabel II
Absolutism ended in Spain with the reign of Isabel II. She established a liberal constitutional monarchy, although it had its own special features.
The crown retained power, but this power was shared with the Cortes, which the crown could call and dissolve. This was called shared sovereignty.
The queen was supported by the liberal political parties, the Moderates and the Progressives.
Various constitutions were approved, depending on which party was in government.
The military participated actively in politics, as heads of government and ministers, and also leading military revolts to acquire more power.
Regency period, The majority of Isabel II and The crisis and the end of Isabel II's reign
Regency period
From 1833 to 1843 Isabel was a minor, her mother Maria Cristina Bourbon, and General Espartero who was a Progressive.
The first Carlist War (1833–1839) took place because Fernando VII's brother Carlos claimed the throne, and did not accept either the Pragmatic Sanction or Isabel II as queen.
In 1839, the Convention of Vergara was signed. In this treaty, Isabel was recognised as Queen of Spain, and she agreed to respect the fueros of Navarra and Vascongadas.
The majority of Isabel II
In 1843 Isabel II reached the age of majority
Spain's division into 49 provinces.
social instability caused by discontent among the peasants over poor working conditions.
the second Carlist War (1846–1849). The war was caused by Isabel II's refusal to marry Carlos Luis Bourbon, the Carlist claimant.
expropiations that aimed to solve Spain's economic problems by paying the state's debt and breaking up large estates (latifundios) belonging to the church, the nobility and municipalities that were unproductive and did not pay tax.
the alternation in power between the Moderates and Progressives.
The crisis and the end of Isabel II's reign
Isabel II's public image was damaged by a number of political problems.
These included the manipulation of election results by successive governments, and the emergence of new political parties who opposed the monarchy.
These political parties were the Democrats, who believed in universal manhood suffrage, and the Republicans, who wanted Spain to be a republic.
In the last years of Isabel II's reign there was also a major economic crisis.
The democratic sexennium (1868-1874)
In 1868, a military revolt began in Cádiz, led by Admiral Topete and Generals Prim and Serrano.
The uprising, known as the Glorious Revolution, was well supported in all the major cities in Spain.
This period can be divided into three different phases.
The constitutional monarchy (1871 –1873)
Amadeo of Savoy, the son of the Italian king, Victor Emmanuel II, was named King Amadeo I of Spain.
During his reign, the third Carlist War (1872–1876) began because the provisional government had not chosen the Carlist candidate, Carlos VII, as king.
In the end Amadeo abdicated
The provisional government (1868–1870)
General Serrano, who was regent, and General Prim, who was the head of the government, looked for a new king for Spain who was not a Bourbon.
The Constitution of 1869 was 19th-century Spain's most democratic constitution.
The First Republic (1873–1874)
when Amadeo I abdicated, the Cortes proclaimed Spain a republic.
The first time that Spain wasn't ruled by a monarch
The First Republic faced many problems.
However, the main problem the republic faced was the divisions among the Republicans.
They disagreed on the type of republic they wanted. There were various alternatives:
a centralised, or unitary, republic, in which the central government would control all the political and administrative institutions.
a federal republic, divided into 17 federal states.
This caused so much political instability in the republic that there were four different presidents in one year: Figueras, Pi y Margall, Salmerón and Castelar.
The Republicans were working on a new constitution, but they did not have time to have it approved before General Pavia entered the Cortes in January 1874 and dissolved it.
Latin American Independence
During the Spanish War of Independence, the process that led to the independence of Spain's American colonies began.
The causes of independence
the influence of Enlightenment ideas, which were brought to America by Creole students
the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Spanish War of Independence encouraged some of the colonists to fight for their own freedom.
Great Britain gave financial assistance to the supporters of independence because they wanted to end Spain's dominance of trade with America.
the Creole bourgeoisie wanted political and economic control of the colonies and an end to their dependence on Spain when it came to trade.
The secuence of events
The independence movements began during the Spanish War of Independence, when the colonies refused to accept Joseph I as King of Spain.
As in Spain, the colonists created councils (juntas), which removed the colonial authorities and governed in the name of Fernando VII.
In 1810 the idea of independance began to spread
In the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), a priest called Hidalgo led a social uprising of Indians and mestizos against the Spanish authorities in 1810.
In the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Santa Fe de Bogotá) and the Captaincy General of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar led a liberal bourgeois
In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Buenos Aires), General José de San Martín led a series of revolts which spread from
Argentina
Uruguay
Chile
Viceroyalty of Peru
When Fernando VII returned to the throne, he sent troops to America to end the revolts.
The military victories of José de San Martín and the Chilean General O'Higgins at Chacabuco (1817) and Maipú (1818) led to Chile's independence.
Simón Bolívar defeated the Spanish at Carabobo (1821) and Pichincha (1822).
The military victory of General Sucre at Ayacucho (1824) led to the independence of Peru and Bolivia (which was named after Simón Bolívar).
During the first half of the 19th century, all of Spain's American colonies gained their independence, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico.
The consequences of independence
The consequences of Latin American independence were disastrous for Spain.
Spain lost its hegemony over Latin America.
The loss of the American colonies dramatically reduced Spain's international prestige and power.
The Spanish economy suffered, especially the Catalan manufacturing industry, as Spain lost its trade monopoly over the American colonies.
The consequences for the new South American countries were different.
Most of the new republics now came under the influence of Great Britain.
The establishment of free trade damaged the economies of many countries
New countries were formed, such as Venezuela, Argentina and Mexico. They became independent republics.
The Creole bourgeoisie gained the political and economic power it had been fighting for.
