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THE EARLY MODERN AGE, group, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - intensified commercial activity
        
        surplus= excess of food produced
        
        increase in agricultural production => surplus in production
        
        surplus products sold in markets
        
        Merchans or traders
        
        travelled in search of new markets
        
        established trade routes that connected distant places
        
        over sea
        
        over land
      - the expansion of craftsmanship
        
        controlled by associations of craftsmen
        
        guilds
        
        products made in workshops
      - increased agricultural production
        
        no technological advances
        
        main crops= cereals
        
        three-field system was maintained
        
        three sections that were rotated each year
        
        one was left fallow
        
        rest and recover its nutrients
        
        main source of economic activity
        
        agriculture
        
        livestock farming
        
        result
        
        societies vulnerable during
        
        hunger
        
        disease
        
        the years of bad crops
  - - - tools
      - raw materials
    - - new products in Europe
      - included
        
        foods
        
        spices
        
        precious metals
    - - capital belonged to private owners
        
        generally members of the bourgeoisie
        
        money, raw materials...
      - create trading companies
        
        generate profits
      - an economic system
      - banking play a vital role
        
        by financing the trading companies
  - - - able to increase their services
    - - Traders made large profits, bankers become rich
      - monarchs used them
        
        cover the costs of running their states
      - let money in exchange of the same amount + an additional amount (interest)
      - merchants need money to begin commercial activities
      - banking families
        
        Medici in Florence
        
        Fugger in Germany
    - - a cuantity of money
      - document guaranteed the banker would pay a merchant ( an authorised person)
      - on a specified date
      - at a specified place
- - - - have access to all political positions
      - not to pay so many taxes
      - demanded an end to the privileges
        
        nobility
        
        clergy
    - - supported either the bourgeoisie or the nobility
      - depending on their own interests
    - - gradually gained more rights
      - didn't reach the same level as the nobility until end of Early Modern Age
  - - - on trade routes
      - with important ports
  - - - consist of
        
        nobility
        
        clergy
      - owned most of the land
      - only ones who had access to high political positions
      - privileges
        
        judged by special tribunals
        
        didn't pay taxes
      - lived in castles in the countryside or palaces in the city
    - - pay taxes
      - sub-groups
        
        peasants
        
        pay them rent or a part of their harvest
        
        many of them went to the cities (more freedom)
        
        serfs of the feudal lord or noble
        
        bourgeoisie
        
        this one
        
        increased in number
        
        became wealthier
        
        gained more political influence
        
        2 different
        
        the upper bourgeoisie
        
        important
        
        bankers
        
        officials
        
        merchants
        
        live in richly decorated urban palaces
        
        with the city nobles formed the ruling class
        
        influential
        
        powerfull
        
        the petite bourgeoisie
        
        were
        
        small merchants
        
        less important officials
        
        all types of artisans
        
        artists
        
        servants
        
        labourers
        
        live in humble houses in buildings with several floors
        
        not ruled by a feudal lord
        
        beggar and vagabonds
        
        marginalised social group
        
        lived on charity
      - didn't have access to high political positions