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(Earthquakes) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Example; earthquake in Kobe, Japan in 1995 disrupted electricity, gas and water supplies to about a million of Kobe’s city 1.4million residents.
    - - In 1970, a massive earthquake destabilise the sloped of Mount Huascaran and triggered a massive landslide.
    - - Exmaple; US$300 billion was used to repair japan’s infrastructure damaged.
    - - Examples; Tohoku earthquake in 2011 caused extensive structural damage and resulted in hundreds and thousands of people being forced from their homes.
    - - Example; Tohoku, Japan in 2011 had caused 28000 deaths.
  - - - Land use regulations: implementing rules to restrict developments in certain areas -> across fault lines or areas at risk of liquefaction.
        Prohibition of building development along coast ot Low-lying land which are vulnerable to tsunami. Developments may be allowed only when protective barriers such as sea walls facing the ocean are constructed.
        Example: California, USA. All new building developments are not built across fault lines or areas at risk of liquefaction.
        Limitations: it’s costly as government may have to buy land from private owners, compensate those who have to move out and build the protective measures. Some existing owners may be reluctant to give up land as they do not believe that another hazard would happen.
      - Infrastructure: able to withstand the vibrations associated with earthquakes.
        Effective building design to reduce the collapse of buildings and minimise the damage.
        Example -> Taipei 101 is made of steel and reinforced concrete.
        
        Damping device act as shock absorbers and counterweights which prevents the building from swaying too much and collapse easily. ( Heavy bases )
        
        Base isolation bearings made of rubber and cushion placed between ground and the building which acts as a buffer to prevent the building from shaking too much during an earthquake.
        
        Limitations: expensive as constructing the building may increase the cost of construction and maintenance of buildings.
      - Emergency drills: creates awareness, reduces panic.
        When an earthquake occurs, people would know what to do and use the steps they practiced which may allow them to escape injury, death hence redu8ng the extent of damages.
        Example; Japan, emergency drills are conducted on 1 September where an earthquake of high magnitude is simulated.
        limitations: people may get complacent and not see the importance of drills. May not have sufficient time for evacuation as earthquakes are difficult to predict.
      - Earthquake monitoring and warning systems
        
        Using of seismic risk map
        -> using of advanced technology in helping to detect earthquakes earlier. Seismic risk maps show likelihood of locations at risk of earthquakes.
        
        install earthquake sensors
        -> help in monitoring the frequency of vibrations and detect possible developments of an earthquake and quickly estimate damage to bridge, railways and other infrastructure.
        
        limitation: only provide a general indication , do not provide precise information of future earthquakes.
        Exmaple: earthquake motion data is gathered from hundred of observation station installed on bridges and roads in Japan.
        limitations: expensive to install and use as earthquake usually occur seconds after a warning is sounded hence insufficient time to evacuate.
        
        inference from noise, lightning or device failure giving false warning.
        
        difficult to give accurate warnings when multiple earthquakes occur close to each other.
      - Tsunami monitoring and warning systems:
        
        use of tsunami monitoring devices to predict tsunami and linked to warning systems to warn people about the occurrence of a tsunami.
        
        Exmaple: Hawaii, untied states - pressure sensors, seismographs and deep ocean tsunami detectors help to monitor and forecast the path of tsunami.
        limitations: deep-ocean detectors are prone to giving false alarms when waves are high.
        -little time to evacuate once an approaching tsunami is detected.
    - - Search and rescuing casualties
        
        people trapped under collapsed buildings are quickly located and freed by resche workers
        
        example: After the earthquake in Tohoku,Japan, in 2011, sniffer dogs and heat sensors were deployed and successfully rescued many who were trapped.
        limitations; rescue workers only have limited time of 72 hours to find trapped survivor as people are unlikely to survive after three days without food and water.
        example: rescue workers have a limited time to rapidly search through two towns after the earthquake in Tohoku in 2011.
      - Emergency, food and medical supplies
        
        injured people are treated and clean drinking water is provided to survivors to prevent dehydration and the spread of diseases.
        
        provision of immediate aid helps survivors continue with their lives.
        
        example: After the Afyon earthquake in 2002, the Turkish red crescent society immediately responded by delivering 20000 tents, 50000 blankets and 3000 heaters to the region.
        limitations: medical supplies, food and water may not be sufficient and may cause social unrest.
        exmaple: After the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, looting and fighting broke out as people fought for food and medical supplies.
    - - Rebuilding of infrastructure
        
        infrastructure and amenities are rebuilt and improved upon a disaster.
        
        authorities often develop structure building codes to ensure infrastructure is restored at a higher safety level than before.
        
        exmaple: After the earthquake in Kobe,Japan in 1995, Japan spent billions developing technology to build more earthquake-resistant buildings.
        limtiations and challenges; reinforced buildings, which are built to protect against earthquakes, are not necessarily protected against tsunamis.
        example; Although many of Chile’s building are earthquake-resistant, the coastal areas suffered massive damage from a tsunami when an earthquake struck in 2010.
      - Provision of health care
        
        provide long term counselling to people who lost their loved ones,homes or jobs after earthquakes cause long-lasting trauma.
        
        problems can be identified and addressed earlier.
        
        exmaple: A year after the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2011, significant problems of anxiety and depression were identified amongst all age groups of the affected population which resulted in a greater number of health workers being deployed in the area.
        limtiations and challenges; improving health options such as restoring the resilience of people after an earthquake can be very challenging.
        exmaple: Many survivors improving health options such as restoring the resilience of people after an earthquake in 2010, continue to lack access to basic necessities.