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Assessment of Nutritional Status - Non-communicable disease (NCDs), Farha…
Assessment of Nutritional Status
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Non-communicable disease (NCDs)
Type II diabetes
Overview
It is a chronic medical condition in which the levels of sugar, or glucose, build up in the bloodstream. Typically, the hormone insulin helps move glucose from our blood to our cells, where it’s used for energy. But with type 2 diabetes, our body’s cells aren’t able to respond to insulin as well as they should.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
It often develop slowly. In fact, we can go years without realising we have type 2 diabetes.
Increased thirst.
Frequent urination.
Increased hunger.
Unintended weight loss.
Fatigue.
Blurred vision.
Frequent infections.
Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck.
Cardiovascular diseases
Overview
A type of disease that affects the heart or blood vessels. The risk of certain cardiovascular diseases may be increased by smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and obesity.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms vary widely, ranging from chest pain to palpitations. Sometimes there are no symptoms.
Shortness of breath.
Pain or discomfort in the arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.
Pain or pressure in the chest, which may indicate angina.
Nausea and fatigue.
Lightheadedness or dizziness.
Cold sweats.
Liver cirrhosis
Overview
It is a late-stage liver disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue (in which it keeps the liver from working properly) and thus, the liver is permanently damaged.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms vary depending on the stage of the disease.
Early signs and symptoms:
Loss of appetite.
Feeling weak or tired.
Nausea.
Fever.
Unexpected weight loss.
As liver function gets worse, other more commonly recognized symptoms include:
Easy bruising and bleeding.
Yellow tint to the skin or the whites of the eyes (jaundice).
Itchy skin.
Swelling (edema) in the legs, feet and ankles.
Fluid buildup in the belly/abdomen (ascites).
Brownish or orange colour to the urine.
Light-coloured stools.
Confusion, difficulty thinking, memory loss, personality changes.
Blood in the stool.
Redness in the palms of the hands.
Spider-like blood vessels that surround small, red spots on the skin (telangiectasias).
In men
: loss of sex drive, enlarged breasts (gynecomastia), shrunken testicles.
In women
: premature menopause (no longer having menstrual period).
Malnutrition
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
A lack of appetite or interest in food or drink.
Tiredness and irritability.
Inability to concentrate.
Always feel cold.
Depression.
Loss of fat, muscle mass, and body tissue.
A higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal.
Longer healing time for wounds.
A higher risk of complications after surgery.
Difficulty breathing.
Heart failure.
In children
A lack of growth and low body weight.
Tiredness and a lack of energy.
Irritability and anxiety.
Slow behavioural and intellectual development; possibly resulting in learning difficulties.
Overview
Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body is deprived of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function. It can either be undernourished (not enough essential nutrients consumed) or overnourished (people who eat too much, don't exercise enough or take too many vitamins or other dietary replacements).
Hypertension
Overview
Hypertension, often known as high or increased blood pressure, is a disorder in which the blood vessels have an abnormally high pressure for an extended period of time.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
:
Without symptoms, people with high blood pressure may go years without knowing they have the condition.
Severe headaches.
Nosebleed.
Fatigue or confusion.
Vision problems.
Chest pain.
Difficulty breathing.
Irregular heartbeat.
Blood in the urine.
Farha Ainin Sofia Binti Muzaffar - 012020090578
Yassmen Hatem Abdelghafar Shaban - 012021021675
