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B8 (B8.1, B8.3, B8.2), B1 (The world of the microscope 1.1, Animal and…
B8
B8.1
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during photosynthesis energy is transphered from the environment to the chloroplats by light. it is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose). Oxygen is also formed and released as a by-product
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B8.3
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plants and algal cells also need nitrate ions absorbed from the soil or water to make the amino acids used to make proteins
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B9
B9.3
if muscles work hard for a long time, they become fatigued and do not contract efficiently. If they do not get enough oxygen, they will respire anaerobically
anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen. When this takes place in animal cells, glucose is incompletely broken down to form lactic acid
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anerobic respiration in plant cells and some microorganisms, such as yeast, results in the production of ethanol and caron dioxide
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B9.4
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the energy tranfered by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme-controlled process of metabolism that synthesise new molecules
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B2
C2.1 cell division
in body cells, chromosones are found in pairs.
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during the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled. it then divides into two identical nuclei in a process called mitosis
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