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NERVOUS SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - refer to +ve & -ve charge separated across membrane cell
    - - Minus sign: inside cells is negative on charge with respect to the outside (voltage outside cell 0)
    - - Called Resting Potential
    - - Na+, K+
      - Large intracellular protein ions between ICF & ECF
      - Different permeability
  - - - Low frequency = weak signal
      - High frequency = strong signal
    - - Synthesis & recycling of acetylcholine (ACh) at synapse
      - Signal transmission at chemical synapse
    - - K+ enter cell / to Cl-, because large concentration gradient
      - Fluxes= membrane potential move -ve than resting potential
      - Caused Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
    - - Na+ enter the cell and K+ leave the cell
      - Depolarizes the cell, postsynaptic cell generate action potential
      - Caused Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
  - - - measured using ultrafine microelectrodes
      - All living cells have electrical charge difference depends on plasma membrane
  - - - Allowed by gated ion channels ( neuron special ion channels)
    - - Hyperpolarization: Increase electrical gradient across the membrane by opening K+ channel
        
        does not produce action potential because difficult membrane potential to reach threshold
      - Depolarization: Reduction in electrical gradient across the membrane by opening Na+ channel
        
        Reaches threshold, action potential triggered
    - - neuron is insensitive to depolarization (undershoot/hyperpolarization)
      - Lasting only few millisec
      - Action potential not triggered
  - - - Temporal sumation
        
        Same place, different time
      - Spatial summation
        
        Different place, same time
      - Spatial summation of EPSP & IPSP
      - No summation
- - - - Information is interpreted and associated in Central Nervous System (CNS)
    - - Conduction of signal from CNS to affector cells.
    - - From sensory receptor, it will conduct the signal
- - - - Cephalization & bilateral symmetry result in sensory receptors
      - Lies in midline of body
      - Develops from embryonic dorsal tubular nerve cord
      - Includes
        
        Brain
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Function:
        
        Center for reflex action
        
        Communication between brain & spinal nerves
        
        Composed by gray & white matter
    - - Lies outside the CNS
      - Contain cranial nerves & spinal nerve
        
        Gather info from sensors & conduct decisions to effectors
      - Somatic System
        
        Controls skeletal muscle
      - Autonomuc System
        
        Controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles & glands
    - - Hindbrain
      - Midbrain
        
        Act as relay station for tracts between cerebrum & spinal cord or cerebellum
      - Forebrain
  - - - Ladderlike nervous system
      - Cephalization
    - - Nerve composed neurons in contact wit one another
      - Contact with contractile epitheliomuscular cells
    - - Complex animals
      - True nervous system