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Nervous System
Grecia Lopez, Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System
Grecia Lopez, Per.1
Major Functions of the Nervous System
- Coordinating and communicating system via electrical signals
Integration
- Processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor Output
- Activation of effector organs to respond (mucles and glands)
Sensory
- Responds to internal and external environmental and chemical changes
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Tissues
Neurons:
- Excitable cells
- Receive and transmit nerve impulses
- Requires oxygen and glucose
- Amitotic with extreme longevity and are highly metabolic.
- All have a cell body, axon, and dendrites
Neuroglia (glial):
- Small cells wrapped around neurons
- Supports neurons
- Glial cells do not have axons or dendrites
- Do not conduct nerve impulses
Ependymal:
- Ventral cavity of the brain and spinal cord
- May be cilia-ted
- Form permeable barriers
- Squamous to columnar
Oligodendrocytes:
- Wrap NS nerve fibers into myelin sheaths
- Branched
Microglial:
- Migrate towards injured neurons
- Transform microorg. and debris
Astrocytes:
- Cling to neurons
- Respond to chemical environments, impulses, and neurotransmitters
- Star shaped
- Touch and monitor
- Most abundant
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Major Parts and Functions of the Brain
Cerebellum
- Mainatins balance and coordination
Brainstem
Pons
- Responsible for breathing
- Relays communication and information
Medulla
- Regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Mid Brain
- Motor functions
- Eye movement
- Visual processing
- Auditory processing
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Cerebrum
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The Diencephalon
- Releases signals, hormones, and rythms to the cerebral cortex.
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Epithalamus
- Connects the brain to the limbic system
Thalamus
- Receives sensory information and sends it to the cerebral cortex
Pineal Gland
- Melatonin for sleep cycles
Third Ventricle
- Protects
- Carries nutrients and waste
Sutures and Fissures
- Longitudinal Fissure
- Transverse Fissure
- Parieto-Occipital sulcus
- Central sulcus
- Lateral Fissure
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12 Cranial Nerves
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Spinal Nerves
- Are mostly mixed nerves (there are 31 of them)
- Supply all body parts except neck and head.
- Ventral Roots: Motor efferent fibers from the ventral horn neurons to the skeletal muscles. Their function is to stimulate.
- Dorsal Roots: Sensory afferent fibers whose sensory neurons connect to the dorsal root ganglia. They are meant to conduct impulses.
- Both roots branch medically as roolets.
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Neurotransmitters
Glutamate:
- Excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex.
- Involved in memory and learning
Serotonin:
- "Happy Chemical"
- Involved in sleep, appetite, emotion, and decision making.
Dopamine:
- Reward mechanism
- “Pleasure Chemical”
- Involved in decision-making, movement, and reward processing.
Norepinephrine:
- NE
- Involved in mood, memory, and stress.
Acetylcholine:
- ACh
- Works primarily in muscle.
- Translates impulses to actual actions.
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA):
- Inhibitory
- Involved in learning.
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Reflex Arcs
- Control the immediate response of the body to stimulus
Visceral Reflex Arcs:
- Similar to the somatic reflex arcs (has everything 1-6 the same) BUT they differ in:
- Visceral arcs have two consecutive neurons in motor pathway.
- Afferent fibers are visceral sensory neurons.
- Effectors are smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Somatic Reflex Arcs:
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Integration Center
- Motor Neuron
- Effector
- Activates Skeletal Muscles
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Drugs of Abuse
Opioids
- Heroine and morphine
- Taken by pill, injecting, snorting, or smoking.
- Depressants
- Slow down the nervous system and cloud ones thoughts.
- Can cause pinpoint pupil and a rush of pleasure and warmth.
- Can lead to vomiting and nausea
Inhalents
- Gases and sprays
- Taken by inhaling them
- Neither stimulants or depressants
- Common household items
- Impair coordination, speech, and judgement
- May cause hallucinations, confusion, seizures, brain damage, and sudden death.
Nicotine
- Tobacco and vapes
- Taken by swallowing, smoking, inhaling, chewing, or dipping.
- Stimulant
- Increases one nerve activity and heart rate
- Highly addictive
- Has withdrawal symptoms: cravings, irritability, and trouble sleeping.
- Can cause cancer, strokes and lung diseases.
MDMA
- Ecstasy and molly
- Taken by swallowing or snorting
- Stimulant
- Causes ones energy to increase and ones vision to distort.
- Feelings of euphoria and empathy.
- Has become popular at night clubs and raves
GHB and Rohypnol
- Date rape drugs
- Ingested orally or in liquid or powder form as they have no smell or color.
- Depressants
- Cause the heart to slow down breathing, blood pressure, and eventually ones thoughts
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Dissociative Drugs
- Also known as ketamine
- Taken by swallowing, snorting, injecting, or smoking.
- Hallucinogen
- May lead one to feel detachment from the body and its surroundings.
- Can cause fever, seizures, comas, and/or death.
Psychedelics
- LSD
- Taken by swallowing, snorting injecting, or smoking.
- Hallucinogens
- Causes hallucinations and distortions in perception.
- Intensify emotions and sensations.
Mouse Party
Marijuana:
- Interferes with inhibitory and dopamine neutransmitters
- Releases dopamine by binding to cannaboid receptors
- Causes ones movements to slow down, causing one to feel calm and relaxed
- May cause hallucinations, cravings, and sleepiness
Methamphetamine:
- Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters
- Meth acts as dopamine causing receptors to work in reverse
- Works on the brains reward pathway
- Users feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
Ecstasy:
- Interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters
- Serotonin becomes confused and is trapped in the synaptic cleft
- Over-stimulation
- Mild release of dopamine
- One becomes addicted to the feeling of euphoria, peace, and relaxation.
Heroine:
- Interferes with inhibitory and dopamine neurotransmitters.
- Mimics natural opiate
- Causes well being and pain killing.
- Highly addictive.
- Euphoria and sedation.
Alcohol:
- Interferes with GABA inhinitory and glutamate neurotransmitters.
- Affects parts of the brain responsible for memory, decision making, and impulse.
- At first one feels happy due to dopamine and serotonin release.
- The next day one comes down from the "high" and feels sad, tired, and depressed.
LSD:
- Interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters.
- Mimics and binds to serotonin receptors.
- Has sensory effects such as hallucinations in the locus coeruleus and other sensory areas of the brain.
- Feelings of wakefulness and empathy.
Cocaine:
- Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters
- Concentrates in the reward pathway
- Active in the part of the brain that controls involuntary movement, therefore causing abusers to become fidgety and unable to be still.
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