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Nervous System Mariah Mancinas P:1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Mariah Mancinas P:1
Major Functions of the Nervous System
The nervous system is where our body has prpriotes like controlling, regulatory, and communicating.
The center of all mental thought, learning, and memory
Nervous syetm is responsible for regulating and maintaing homeostaisis.
The bodies command center
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous system : The central nervous system is the brai and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system: The Peripheral is the rest of our body that connects to the centeral nervous system.
Tissues
Nervous system specialized tissue is in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. It has neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. The nervous system rcontrols the body and the communication among its parts.
Classification of Nuerons
Neurons are classified based on direction in which way the signal will travel their neurotransmitter utilized or even the electrophysiological properties.
Connective Tissue Coverings
Epimysium: outer layer of connective tissue around a muscle
Perimysium: connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
Endomysium: loose connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle
Major Parts and Functions of the Brain
Three main parts of the brain
Brainstem: The function is breathing and maintaing heart rate.
Cerebrum:Composed of right and left hemispheres.Functions include interpreting touch, vision and hearing, also speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum: The cerebellum helps you stay balanced.
Major Parts and Function of the Spinal Cord
Ventral roots
Contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate
skeletal muscles
Dorsal roots
Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia
that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
Major function are volunatary movement, sensory function and autonomic function.
Action potettial and Nervous impulse
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves are associated with brain
– Two attach to forebrain, rest with brain stem
Olfactory nerves: Sensory nervous of smell
Optic nerves: Arise from retinas; really a brain tract
Oculomotor nerves: Fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures to four of six
extrinsic eye muscles
Trochlear nerves:Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
Trigeminal nerves:
Three divisions
Ophthalmic (V1) passes through superior orbital fissure
Maxillary (V2) passes through foramen rotundum
Mandibular (V3) passes through the foramen ovale
Abducens nerves: Primarily a motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle
Facial nerves: Fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses and emerge through
stylomastoid foramina to lateral aspect of face
Vestibulocochlear nerves: Mostly sensory function; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of
receptors
Glossopharyngeal nerves: Motor functions: innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide
parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands
Vagus nerves: Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart,
lungs, and abdominal viscera
: Accessory nerves: Formed from ventral rootlets from C1 to C5 region of spinal cord (not brain)
Hypoglossal nerves: Innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing
and speech
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1–C8)
– 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
– 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
– 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)
– 1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (C0)
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine also know as ACH is a major neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine also known as NE is a major Neurotransmiiter.
ACH is released by Cholinergic fibers
NE is released by Adrenergic fibers.
Effects of neurotransmitter depend on the binding of cholinergic receptors or adrenergic receptors.
Compare and contrast the Autonomic Nervous system
Parasympathetic
Fibers originate in the brain stem
Preganglionic fibers are long.
Ganglia are near visceral effevtor organ.
Postganglionic fibers are short.
Symphatic
Fibers originate in the thoratic and lunbar spinal cord.
Preganglionic fibers are short.
Postganglionic fibers are long.
Ganglia are close to spinal cord.
Reflex Arc
Visceral Reflex Arc has two consecutive nuerons in the motor pathway
Afferents fibers are visceral sensory neurons
Effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands rather than skeletal muscles.
Stimulus 2. Visceral sensory neuron 3. Integration center 4. Motor neuron, (2 neuron chain)
Receptor: site of stimulus action
Sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
Integration center: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS
Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector
organ
Effector: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by
contracting or secreting
Nervous System Disorders
Autonomic nueropathy: Damage to autonomic nerves and is common for diabetes mellitus.
Hypertension: High blood pressure and causes your heart to work harder.
Raynauds diseases: Painful, exaggerated pain in fingers and toes
Autonomic dysreflexia: Blood pressure sky rockets and is life threatening.
Drugs:
Nicotine- Nicotinic agents affects blood pressuer and causes it to rise.
Pilocarpine- Parasympathomimetic agents mimick ACH effects.
Sarin- Acetylcholinesterase inhabitors affects and binds to enzyme and degrades ACH.