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Nervous Melissa Figuero Per 1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous Melissa Figuero Per 1
Major functions of NS
influences motor movement; maintains homeostasis; regulation; communication; reflexes
Major divisions
CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
Motor (efferent) division
Somatic NS
Autonomic NS
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Sensory (afferent) division
Tissues
astrocytes- responds to nerve impulses; most abundant; support neurons
microglial cells- migrate toward injured neurons; defensive
ependymal cells- line central cavities of brain and spinal cord; form permeable barriers
oligodendrocytes- branched cells that form insulating myelin sheathes
satellite cells- surround cell bodies in PNS; like astrocytes
schwann cells- surround peripheral; nerve fibers; form myelin sheaths; like oligodendrocytes
Classification of neurons
Structural
multipolar- 3 or more processes(1 axon/other dendrites)
bipolar- 2 processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite)
unipolar- one T-like process (2 axons)
Functional
sensory- transmit impulses from sensory receptors to CNS (unipolar)
motor- from CNS to effectors (multipolar)
interneurons- between motor and sensory; 'association neurons'
CT coverings
meninges
arachnoid mater- middle layer; thin; has blood vessels that deliver oxygen/nutrients
pia mater- permeable to water and some solutes; tiny blood vessels that feed brain
dura mater- strongest/thick; surrounds/protects brain
endoneurium- encloses axon and myelin sheath
perineurium- bundles fibers into fascicles
epineurium- surrounds all fascicles to form nerves
Major parts/functions of B
cerebral hemispheres
thalamus- relay station for info going into cortex
hypothalamus- maintains visceral control; regulation center; initiates physical response to emotions
basal nuclei- helps control skeletal nuclei
brain stem
midbrain- hold up cerebrum; part of brain stem; connections between brain and spin
medulla- controls heart rate/blood vessel diameter/respiratory rate
pons- receives info from cerebrum to cerebellum; respiratory rate
cerebellum- 'little brain'; processes input from cortex and brain stem; has a role in thinking/lang./emotion/balance/coordination
major functions- controls motor skills; thought; emotion; memory; sensory functions;
hemisphere dominance
right- intuition/artistic side/emotional/facial recognition/imagination
left- logic/science/math/lang/analytical thinking/reasoning
Cranial nerves
olfactory- sense of smell
optic- visual; arise from retina
oculomotor- raising eyelid/detecting eyeball; pupil response
trochlear- directs eyeball
trigeminal- largest cranial nerves (ophthalmic/maxillary/mandibular)
abducens- innervating lateral rectus M (looking to side)
facial- facial expressions; sensory function of taste
vestibulocochlear- auditory nerve; hearing; balance;
glossopharyngeal- innervate part of tongue/pharynx; swallowing; taste
vagus- extend beyond head/neck; taste buds
accessory- innervate trapezius; sternocleidomastoid M
hypoglossal- innervate extrinsic/intrinsic M of tongue
Major parts/functions of SC
spinal nerves
31 pairs- 8 cervical/12 thoracic/5 lumbar/5 sacral/1 coccygeal
ventral and dorsal roots
layers of tissue that protect sc
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
major functions- motor/sensory functions; sends messages from B to body
AP and nerve impulse
4 steps for AP
resting- all channels closed
depolarization- Na+ channels open
repolarization- Na+ inactivate; K+ channels open
hyperpolarization- some K+ channels stay open while Na+ channels reset
neuron anatomy
dendrite- receive signal
axon- carries signal to next axon
myelin sheath- fatty; speeds signal transmission
axon terminals- transmit signal
Reflex arc
sensory neuron- impulses to CNS
receptor- stimuli
integration center- processing impulses
motor neuron- impulses from CNS to body
effector- M fibers/organs respond to impulses
Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine(ACh)- released at NMJ
catecholamines- dopamine; norepinephrine; epinephrine
indolamines- serotonin; histamine
peptides- endorphins
functions- excitatory(depolarizing)/ inhibitory(hyperpolarizing)
Divisions of ANS
parasympathetic- calming; blood pressure drops; heart rate drops; respiratory rate slows
sympathetic- arousing; fight or flight system is activated; increased heart rate; sweat
NS disorders
anencephaly- cerebrum doesn't fully develop
parkinsons disease- deficit of dopamine
huntingtons disease- degeneration of nerve cells in B
alzheimers- memory loss; disorientation; confusion
bells palsy- paralysis of facial muscles
cerebral palsy- lack of M control/coordination
multiple sclerosis- loss of protective coverings of nerves
lou gherigs disease- motor neurons destroyed
spina bifida- neural tube not closed all the way
Drugs
meth- increased activity; euphoria
cocaine- fidgety; mood swings; high energy levels
LSD- hallucinations; anxiety
heroine- depressant
ecstasy- euphoria; slows down functions of B
marijuana- hallucinations; disorientation
morphine- depressant