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Brendan Alexander Chemistry 11B: Introductory Concept Map to Organic…
Brendan Alexander Chemistry 11B: Introductory Concept Map to Organic Reactions
Introduction
How do covalent bonds in organic reactions break?
Heterolytic Fission
Differing from homolytic fission, in heterolytic fission, both electrons in the electron pair is taken away by the more electronegative atom.
After bond breaking, when an alkyl group is deficient of one electron, leaving it with a +1 charge, it is called carbocation.
Special properties:
Species that prefers to
give away electrons
such as
alkyl groups
will have a
positively inductive effect
, pushing their own electrons towards the carbocation.
Electronegative species
will instead have the opposite effect. They have a
negative inductive effect
.
Carbocations are species that are a part of a larger classification known as
electrophiles
, which are species that may act as an
electron pair acceptor
.
Nucleophiles
are the opposite, they are the ones that may act as
electron pair donors
.
Homolytic Fission
After the covalent bond is broken, both of the atoms that form the covalent bond will retain one electron from the electron pair that created the bond in the first place.
These atoms after the breaking of their covalent bonds is known as 'free radicals'.
Properties?
Has an unpaired electron
Highly reactive
Procedure for free-radical reaction:
Initiation step:
Energy is absorbed, breaking the covalent bond, and release free radicals.
2.
Propagation steps:
Free radicals collide with other reactant particles, inputting energy, breaking their covalent bonds, producing even more free radicals.
3. Termination step:
Two free radicals collide and react with to form a molecule (product). In this case, there will be no free radicals released from this step.
What are the different types of organic reactions?
Addition Reaction
Multiple molecules combine to give a product of one molecule only.
Elimination Reaction
Small molecules, such as water or hydrochloric acid, are removed from the larger organic molecule.
Condensation Reaction
Two organic molecules combine while removing a smaller molecule as a by-product like hydrochloric acid or water.
Substitution Reaction
Replacing one atom or group of atoms by another atom or group of atoms.
Oxidation Reaction
Types:
Gains oxygen atoms
Loses electrons
Increase in oxidation state
Loses hydrogen atoms
Reduction Reaction
Types:
Loses oxygen atoms
Gains electrons
Decrease in oxidation state
Gains hydrogen atoms
Free-radical Subsitution
Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in alkanes. This type of reaction uses the three-step free radical reaction.