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WW1 - Mocks - Coggle Diagram
WW1 - Mocks
Course of the War
War of Movement
23rd August 1914 - The Battle of Mons takes place between German forces and the British Expeditionary Force
5th/12th September 1914 - First Battle of the Marne takes place between allied and German forces; the allies split the German troops into two separate bodies, forcing them to flee to the River Aisne; they would hold trenched positions here for the next 4 years (400 miles of trenches dug).
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The Race to Sea
Both sides persistently trench towards the English Channel; trying to outflank each other. The French outflanked the Germans, they used trains to do this.
Stalemate
1915/1916 - The Gallipoli Campaign, the allies try to aid Russia in triumphing over the Ottoman Empire. This would establish a new warfront and would dilute German forces. However, naval mines surrounded the Gallipoli Peninsula; the Turks anticipated the attack and trench warfare began.
Failures of the Gallipoli Campaign:
- Disease
- Heat
- Landscape
- Naval mines
- Poor communication and planning by the British
War of Attrition
21st February 1916 - Battle of Verdun begins; it is the longest battle in World War One (10 months) and directly led to the battle of the Somme.
July/November 1917 - The Battle of Passchendaele takes place; deemed the "battle of the mud", this saw the allies capture 5 miles in 3 months while enduring extreme weather conditions (320,000 Allied Casualties, 260,000 German Casualties).
July/November 1916 - The Battle of the Somme: the most detrimental battle in World War One; Britain lost 420,000 men, Germany lost 500,000 men. Field Marshall Haig's tactics were deemed archaic and irresponsible. 60,000 British troops were killed on the first day.
Positives of Trench Warfare:
- Only 40% of time spent in trenches.
- Comradeship developed.
- During rest times, troops wrote letters and played card games.
Negative of Trench Warfare:
- Medical issues such as trenchfoot developed.
- Many students suffered from 'shell shock'/PTSD.
- Lack of morale due to the lack of movement on the Western Front.
Technology and Tactics
Chlorine gas was first used in the battle of Ypres in 1915 by the German army. The issue with gas is that it had the potential to blow back and harm the side releasing it.
The development of German U-boats and their ability to attack allied vessels inconspicuously resulted in the British adapting a convoy system in relation to trading to combat this.
Tanks were first used in 1916 during the battle of the Somme; they were extremely unreliable and would often break down during an advance. They did offer a major morale boost, however.
At the start of the war, planes were only used for reconnaissance; by 1918, they were influential due to: larger fuel tanks, stronger materials, implementation of formations, integration of radio.
War at Sea
1914 - A naval blockade is established by the allies on the North Sea, preventing imports and exports from Germany.
28th August 1914 - The Heligoland Bight sees the British Navy attack German coastal patrols. 4 German ships are sunk.
May 1916 - The Battle of Jutland takes place; German Admiral Von Sheer attempted to lure a British fleet out of their marina. 14 British ships were sunk and 11 German. The German fleet pulled out of the battle, this ended WW1's naval warfare.
Causes
Nationalism
1912-1913 - Following the Balkan wars Serbia was cemented as a much more powerful presence in Europe; their military has increased substantially.
25th June 1914 - Fueled by their newfound sense of nationalism, the Black Hand assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This was the scapegoat capitalised on by Austria-Hungary that allowed them to declare war.
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Imperialism
1904/1911 - France and Britain's possession of colonies in Africa during the beginning of the 1900's. Contributed to the First and Second Moroccan Crisis
1908 - Austria Hungary's annexation of Bosnia was a prime example of Austria-Hungarian desire for an empire.
Germany's Schlieffen Plan, developed in 1905, demonstrates Kaiser Wilhelm's desire for an titanic within Europe.
1914 - The international scramble for establishing colonies in Africa was an exhibition of European colonialism. By 1914, 90% of Africa was formally controlled by European powers.
Militarism
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Britain boasted their "two power standard" strategy; this meant that Britain would aim to possess a navy that was larger than the two powers below it combined.
1906 - Dreadnaughts would begin to be manufactured by Britain; ultimately, they would produce 29 dreadnaughts while Germany would produce 17.
Alliances
1882 - Triple Alliance is formed due to Germany's fear of encirclement
1904 - Entente Cordial forms
1907 - Triple Entente Forms
July 1914 - The July Crisis of 1914 was heavily centred on alliances, Germany's support of Austria-Hungary was one example of this.
1882 - The Franco-Russian Alliance is formed, this threatens Germany from the West and the East.
Key Events
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1906 - The First Moroccan occurs; Germany offers Morocco their independence in an Algeciras conference despite being a colony of France. The Kaiser is turned down and humiliated as a result.
1909 - Germany makes it clear that they will involve themselves if Russia is to aid Serbia and declare war on Austria-Hungary.
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23rd July 1914 - Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia; there are 10 points in this ultimatum but Serbia agrees to only 9.
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3rd August 1914 - The Schlieffen Plan is carried out; Russia only took 10 days to mobilise and Belgium resisted German entry into the nation.
Ludendorff Offensive
March 1918 - Germany move 500,000 troops from the Eastern to the Western Front following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
15th July 1918 - Germany successfully pushes back the allies but are left exhausted as a result. The Second Battle of the Marne takes place.
20th July 1918 - US troops begin to arrive on the Western Front, Germany henceforth withdraw from the front.
8th August 1918 - The allies launch a counter-offensive on the Germany (with the aid of the US), this offensive lasts 100 days; Germany is in full retreat by October.
End of the War
America's Entry
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January 1917 - The Zimmerman telegram is intercepted; within it, offers from Germany to Mexico are made public and this angers the US.
- The US had 1.5 million troops in France by August 1918.
- America only lost 48,000 troops in battle whilst France and Germany both lost over 1 million.
- US troops had been trained to a high standard/degree.
- The US lost 56,000 troops to disease.
Russia Withdraws
February 1917 - The First Bolshevik Revolution takes place; the Tsar abdicates and a new provisional government is formed.
October 1917 - Unhappy with the newly formed government, the Bolsheviks rebel again (led by Lenin). The Russian people were promised Peace, Bread and Land.
3rd March 1918 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed, this causes Russia economic devastation (74% of iron and coal mines are lost, Estonia lost). German move 500,000 troops from the Eastern to the Western Front.
Additional Events
Mutiny and Abdication
25th October 1918 - The Kiel Mutiny takes place; a Germany Navy corps refuses to launch an attack on a British fleet. By the 5th November there was public outcry in Germany.
7th November 1918 - Fearing a rebellion similar to that of the Bolsheviks; the Social Democrats issue an ultimatum to the Kaiser, demanding his abdication; he accepts on the 9th November and an armistice is signed.
Exam Questions
Source A is critical of....
- Source A shows....
- This opposes/supports of....because...
- The provenance of the source is....
- This opposes/supports...because....
How useful are sources....
- Source B is useful as it shows...
This suggests...
This is true/inaccurate because...
Source B is also useful because of its provenance...
- Source C....
- Conclusion: Why do the sources have similar views? Is one more useful and why.
Write an account of....
- Describe the key features of the event...
- Explain the consequences of the event....
The main reason for...was...
- Brief introduction, give a judgement.
- Stated factor with explanation.
- 2nd
- 3rd
- Conclusion, discuss long-term and short-term.
The Treaty of Versailles
- G - Guilt clause (Article 231)
- A - Army reduced to 100,000 men.
- R - Reparations, Germany was demanded to pay £6.6 Billion.
- G - Germany lost land (Alsace-Lorraine, Polish Corridor, 10% of its territory)
- L - League of Nations is formed but Germany is prohibited from joining.
- E - Extra (Anschluss Prohibited)
28th June 1919 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed. It is a 'diktat' treaty (no input from Germany). France wished to see Germany crushed, Britain wanted the "middle route" and the US wanted peace.