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Nervous System Aleena Alfaro Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System
Aleena Alfaro
Period 1
Major functions of the nervous system
Integration
Processing of sensory input
Motor output
Muscle response
Sensory input
Info Gathered by sensory receptors
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
Includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves and functions as the communication line between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
Central Nervous System
Includes the brain and spinal cord and functions as intergrative and control centers
Sensory (afferent) divivson
Includes somatic and visceral sensory fibers and conducts imposes from the receptors to the central nervous system
motor (efferent) division
Includes motor fibers and conducts imposes from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
somatic nervous system
Includes voluntary motor nerve fibers and conducts impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous system
Includes involuntary motor nerve fibers and conducts impulses from the central nervous to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Sympathetic divison
Functions by mobilizing the body systems during activity
parasympathetic division
Fuctions by conserving energy and promoting housekeeping functions during rest
Tissues
axon
myelin shelth
nucleus
Schwann cell
Dendrite
node of ranvier
axon terminal
cell body
Classification of neurons
bipolar neurons
multipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
Connective Tissue Coverings
meninges
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
bone
periosteum
aponeurosis
skin
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Provides communication to and from the brain
Reflexes are completed at spinal cord
Epidural space
Filum terminale
Denticulate ligaments
Spinal nerves
Cauda equina
Gray matter and spinal roots
Gray commissure
White matter
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
resting state
Depolarization
repolarization
hyper-polarization
Cranial nerves
I: Olfactory Nerves
Sensory nerves associated with scent. Olfactory bulbs
II: Optic Nerves
Sensory or visual function. Arise from retinas
III: Oculomotor Nerves
Functions in rating eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris and controlling lens shape. extend from midbrain to 4/6 eye muscles
IV: Trochlear Nerves
Primary function is to direct eyeball.
V: Trigeminal Nerves
Functions to convey sensory impulses from face. Extends from pons to face in three sections.
VI: Abducens Nerves
Functions as a nerve that connects the pons to the lateral rectus muscle which is on the side of the eye
VII: Facial Nerves
Motor functions: facial expression. Sensory Functions: Taste
VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerves
Adjustment of sensitivity of receptors
IX: Glossopharyneal Nerves
Fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses
X: Vagus Nerves
regulate activities of the heart and abdominal viscera
XI: Accessory Nerves
formed from ventral rootlets
XII: Hypoglossal Nerves
contribute to swallowing and speech
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves, all spinal nerves connects to either ventral or dorsal roots
8 cervical (c1-c8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (t1-t12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (s1-s5)
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (c0)
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Noreinephrine
Dopamine
serotonin
Histamine
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Endorphines
somatostatin
adenosine
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic divison
differences
Lengths of fibers
Parasympathetic division (long preganglionic, short postganglionic)
Sympathetic divison (short preganglionic, long postganglionic)
location of ganglia
Parasympathetic division (visceral effector organs)
Sympathetic division (close to spinal cord)
Sites of origin
Parasympathetic division (cranium)
Sympathetic division (thoracic and lumbar )
Parasympathetic division
Reflex arc
4)
Motor neuron
conducts impulses from integration center to the effector organ
3)
Integration center
synaptic region within central nervous system
2)
Sensory neuron
transmits impulses to the central nervous system
5)
effector
cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
1)
Receptor
where stimulus occurs
Disorders associated with Nervous System
epileptic seizure
Causes: brain injury, stroke and infections & tumors
Alzheimers disease
dementia, memory loss
Parkinson's disease
Cause: Unknown. Basal nuclei become overreactive
Huntingtons disease
Cause: accumulation of protein .Hereditary disorder.
cerebral palsy
Paralyzed voluntary muscles
anencephaly
overdeveloped parts of the brain stem
spinabifida
Incomplete formation for vertical arches
phantom-limb
Feeling pain in a limb that was amputated
Drugs
marijuana
methamphetamine
Ecstasy
alcohol
Heroine
cocaine
LSD
Opioids, inhalants, MDMA, Nicotine, psychedelics, Dissociative drug
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cortical gray matter
Interprets sensory input. intellectual and emotional input
Thalamus
Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland. Regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, and bio rhythms & drives
Meninges
provides protection for the brain (Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
Midbrain
Contains projection fibers
Pons
Relays info from the cerebrum and cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Relays info to the cerebellum
Cerebellum
Processes information from cerebral motor cortex and provides instructions for subcortical motor centers . Responsible for balance and posture.