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CLA THEORISTS AND SUPPORT - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Explained language acquisition as a result of environmental influence
      - Children learn from reinforcement when they associate words with meanings, either they are wrong or right and this is determined by operant conditioning
      - Reinforcement is repeated until stuff is learnt
      - Behaviourist
      - Operant conditioning
        
        Reinforcement
        
        Positive- encouraging the repetition of a behavior by providing a reward
        
        Negative- encouraging the repetition of a behaviour by taking something unpleasant away
        
        Punishment
        
        Positive- discouraging the repetition of a behaviour by giving something unpleasant
        
        Negative- discouraging a behaviour by taking away something pleasant
      - He believed that when a parent praises the child when a random babble sounds close to an English word, it encourages them to repeat the sounds. On the other hand, when irrelevant sounds of a baby are ignored, it’s extinguished and forgotten about.
    - - LAD
        
        Set of language learning tools provided at birth
        
        Every child has one- universal
        
        Enables the child to rapidly develop and encode the rules of language
        
        Theoretical tool hardwired into the brain
        
        Developed in 1950s
        
        Gives child everything they need to learn language except the language specific vocabulary
        
        Needs to be triggered by the environment, doesn't work alone
      - Suggests that language is an innate faculty
      - Children know general rules of language they don't just copy it, meaning that they can figure out things that are unfamiliar to them (wug test) Behaviorists say that all words are learnt, whereas Chomsky believes we learn grammar that then applies to words
      - Disregards the idea that imitation alone is effective
      - Application/ support
        
        If there is not a universal grammar, how would such complex rules be learnt by children early on, some are not explicitly taught
        
        Wug test suggests the existence of universal grammar rules, that children do not learn via imitation alone
        
        Children are often heard making mistakes which they wouldn't have picked up from adult speech, such as 'sheeps' This shows the use of the LAD, trying to apply grammar rules to unknown words
      - Criticisms
        
        Ignores the importance of social interactions, imitation and the environment
        
        Cannot explain why people with learning disabilities have delayed language acquisition
        
        Offers a hypothetical explanation as there is no physical existence or evidence for the LAD in the brain
        
        Theory has not been supported by biological or neurological studies
      - Universal grammar
        
        A set of rules about language that we are born with in our minds.
        
        Investigators believe that language is a task too demanding to acquire without specific innate equipment
        
        The theory of the genetic component of the language faculty (an inherent mental or physical power)
      - Resources
        
        link to philosophy-question.com
        
        link to www.simplypsychology.org
        
        link to www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org
    - - ZPD is a diagram which is a circle with different rings, the inside represents what a learner can do unaided, the middle ring, what a learner can do with help and the outside ring is what a learner cannot do
      - Suggests that there are concepts and rules that a child simply cannot learn yet, learning is a process that has to be helped along by scaffolding
      - Proposed the idea of the ZPD, Zone of Proximal Development
      - The zone of proximal development refers specifically to what a child can do with help, this is where learning occurs
    - - Interactionist- believed children learned through interaction with others
      - CDS
        
        Child directed speech
        
        Adapted by adults to scaffold development of spoken language
        
        See the CDS branch
        
        Believes that peek-a-boo teaches important turn taking skills
      - LASS
        
        Language Acquisition Support Structure
        
        Parental input and scaffolding
      - Resources
        
        Overview of bruner (brief)
        
        Cute newspaper article thing (detailed)
      - Agrees with Chomsky's LAD, but states it cannot function alone and needs a LASS (funny). Basically children have an innate ability for learning language but it needs triggering and encouraging by interaction with other speakers
      - Rejected Skinner's theory of behaviourism, felt it ignored the more intangible features of learning such as motivation and intuition
      - Supports Vygotsky's concepts of scaffolding, saying that 'culture shapes the mind.... provides us with [a] toolkit'
- - - - General overview
      - Skinner and Chomsky
      - Someones homework, pretty good but not got it all