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Cell signaling - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Response is how the object is affected
      - Sometimes the receptor changes it's shape, and causes a whole series of conformational changes (signal transduction pathway)
- - - - The receptor is activated (transduction)
        
        The secondary messenger is activated (cyclic AMP or cAMP is an example)
        
        Cells are targeted
  - - - Conformational change occurs and the alpha subunit is released
        
        The alpha subunit moves to adenylyl cyclase (membrane bound enzyme), and activates it
        
        Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
        
        cAMP is ATP after losing two phosphates (adenosine monophosphate) and after a cyclic ring created
- - - - Activates G proteins
  - - - Beta
      - Gamma
        
        Anchored to cell membrane
      - Alpha
        
        Anchored to cell membrane
        
        When bound to GTP, alpha subunit separates from G protein
        
        It can now activate or inhibit other molecules, though this changes GTP to GDP, and it returns to G protein, now inactive
    - - Gi
      - Gs
      - Gq
        
        Activates Phospholipase C (enzyme) in cell membrane
        
        This enzyme cleaves a specific phospholipid (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate) into inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG)
        
        inositol triphosphate is soluble and diffuses into cytoplasm and into ER to open calcium channels
        
        Calcium flows from ER into cytoplasm and changes the charge of the cell (leading to depolarization)
        
        DAG in the cell membrane binds to Kinase C (calcium needed to activate Kinase C)
        
        Kinase C then activates other groups by adding phosphoryl groups to them