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(Functionalist, What, Marxist, Feminist), Theorie - Coggle Diagram
Functionalist
What
Social order
Maintaining system
Durkheim
Sacred and profane
Sacred times provide same feeling across all religions - push believers into single moral community
Collective conscience
Sharede religious rituals enforce solidarity and integration
Provides greater purprose for an individual
Cognitive functions
Religion is the reason for thought reasoning and science
Religion causes people to think conceptually and intellectually
Totemism
Symbols emblems that represent communities/tribes
Criticisms
Difficult apply to all societies
Malinowski
Provides psychological functions
Cope
Uncertain situations
Fishing trips
At times of life crises
Birth and death
Parsons
Creates and legitimates central values
Primary source of meaning
Protestantism sacralised American values
Ultimate questions
Bellah
Civil religion
Nationalism unites multi faith societies
Evaluation
Neglects negative aspects -oppression on poor and women
What
Substantive
Weber - Belief in the supernatural
Must involve god or supernatural
Western bias - doesn’t count buddhism as a religion
Functional
Durkheim - religion performs functions
Inclusive - involves wide range of beliefs
Constructionist
How members of society define religion
Aldridge - validity of religion can be contested by different parties - but doesn’t discount it
Marxist
Ideology
Distorts peoples perceptions reality to serve interests of ruling class
Marx - ideological weapon used to legitimate class division
False consciousness - christianity promises paradise for the poor
Lenin - spiritual gin - intoxicant to dole out the masses’ divine right of kinga
Alienation
Marx - workers are alienated from the production
Religion enriches spirits of alienated workers
Acts as an opiate to dull the pain of exploitation
Religion is the product and consolation for alienation
Evaluation
Ignores positive functions of religion
Neo marxism
Religion had little effect on peasantry
Feminist
Patriarchy
Religious organisations
Little female priests
Women can’t be imams
Places of worship
Women are cordoned off in mosques
Cannot enter when menstruating
Sacred texts
Cannot touch holy texts when menstruating
Religious laws and customs
Access to divorce
Decision making
Domestic roles
However
Karen Armstrong - older religions placed women at centre
Brusco - Pentecostal groups empower women in the private sphere
Gilliat ray - hijabs are empowering
Rinaldo - women in conservative faiths still find ways to empower through piety movements
Quakers revolutionary in women’s rights
Theorie