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(Functionalist, Fundamentalism, Explanations for growth, Explanations, New…
Functionalist
What
Social order
Maintaining system
Durkheim
Sacred and profane
Sacred times provide same feeling across all religions - push believers into single moral community
Collective conscience
Sharede religious rituals enforce solidarity and integration
Provides greater purprose for an individual
Cognitive functions
Religion is the reason for thought reasoning and science
Religion causes people to think conceptually and intellectually
Totemism
Symbols emblems that represent communities/tribes
Criticisms
Difficult apply to all societies
Malinowski
Provides psychological functions
Cope
Uncertain situations
Fishing trips
At times of life crises
Birth and death
Parsons
Creates and legitimates central values
Primary source of meaning
Protestantism sacralised American values
Ultimate questions
Bellah
Civil religion
Nationalism unites multi faith societies
Evaluation
Neglects negative aspects -oppression on poor and women
Fundamentalism
Characteristics
Authoritative or sacred text
Aggressive reaction
Use of modern technology
Patriarchy
Prophecy
Conspiracy theories
Modernity
Davie and giddens
Fundamentalists are threatened by globalisation
Cosmopolitanism
Giddens
Opposite of fundamentalism
Tolerant to change - relfexive thinking
BAUMAN
Two types of responses to modernity
Resistance identity
Project identity
Monotheism
Fundamentalism is attributed to monotheism due to their belief that sacred texts are written words from god
Secular fundamentalism
Davie
Two phases
Phase one
Enlightenment
Start of secularisation
Phase 2
Globalisation - fall of communism - secular fundamentalism
Religion started to challenge secular beliefs so they reacted
Ansell
CULTURAL RACISM UNDER THE VEIL OF LIBERAL BELIEFS
Hervieu léger
Fundamentalism is a form of cultural amnesia where traditions are recreated but to the extreme
Clash of civilisations
Huntington
Religions create hostile us vs them mentalities
Jackson - sees Huntington as orientalist who sees Asia as less developed
Armstrong - fundamentalism in the Middle East stems from western interference
Explanations for growth
Marginality
Relative deprivation
Social change
Dynamics
Growth of new age
Postmodernity
Explanations
Cultural defence and transition
Bruce
Goes against secularisation theory
Cultural defence
Religion provides social point against discrimination and marginalisation
Cultural transition
Religion provides solidarity for those moving to a different country
Criticisms
Berger supports diversity
Beck ford says opposite can apply to choice
Weber - rationalisation
Disenchantment during the protestant reformation
People stopped using supernatural for explanations
Bruce - technological worldview
Structural differentiation
Parsons - disengagement and privatisation
Religion lost influence in governments
Religion is private sphere and loses meaning
Social and cultural diversity
Decline of community
Industrialisation
Diversity of occupation
Religious diversity
Berger
Sacred canopy
Plausibility structure
New forms
Postmodernism
Nature of religion has changed
Religion is no longer institutionalised
Online religion
Religion online
Religion uses internet to convey message
Online religion
People finding solidarity through online networks
Religious consumerism
Pick and mix religion herviu lager
Self religions
Connecting with inner self
Reenchantment
Davie
Religion is no longer inherited and is more up to personal choice
Believing without belonging
Religion takes on a privatised form
Vicarious religion - religion is disproportionately practiced
Bruce - if people were believing more they would go to church
Weakness of new age
Problem of scale
Socialisation to next generation
Weak commitment
Bruce - people didn’t place too much importance to spirituality
Structural weakness
Lacks power
No consensus
Spiritual revolution?
Kendal project
Shift from obeying to finding inner spirituality
Spiritual shopping
Hervieu léger
Cultural amnesia - practices aren’t inherited anymore
Religion is individualised / do it yourself
People choose what to believe in
2 types of believers
Pilgrims
Individual path to religion
Converts
Join religious groups
Weber
Calvinism
Predestination
Believed that everything was set
Divine transcendence
Gods will was too high for any human understanding
Asceticism
They lived simply
Vocation
They worked hard, really hard
Hinduism and Confucianism
Successful but not because of capitalism
Hinduism lacked drive
Confucianism wasn’t ascetic
What
Capitalism was a social change
Spirit of capitalism found in calvinistic practice
Evaluation
Tawny - capitalism predated calbinsim and calvinism was used to justify capitalism
Marxism religion and change
Engels - religion has dual character
Blonch - utopia can only be achieved through protest and change
Liberation theology millenarian movements
In Latin America
70s priests took side of oppressed
Resisted terror and brought about democracy
Maduro - religion is a revolutionary force
Pentecostal challenge
Lehman
-
Gramsci
Hegemony - ruling class using religion to maintain control
-
Secularisation in america
Declining church attendance
Secularisation from within
Bruce - Churches are broader - less strict allowing for more inclusivity but making religion less religious
Religious diversity
Churchgoers are less dogmatic
Criticisms
Religion is not declining but changing
Secularisation ignores revivals
Ignores those who believe ut dont go to church
Mainly in western societies
Religious market theory
Stark and Bainbridge
People are naturally religious
It is human nature to seek rewards and avoid costs
Compensators
When real world rewards are scarce people resort to compensators
Cycle of renewal
Religious competition
America vs Europe
Religion thrives in the US because there hasn’t been a monopoly
Europe has gone thru multiple monopolies by churches and them all
Supply led religion
Hadden and shupe
Religion is supply led - the more there is the ore people will be religious
Uses asian Americans as an example
Megachurches
Criticisms
Market theory enforces idea of religious golden age
People aren’t naturally religious - beckford
Secularisation and security
Existential security
Norris and inglehart
Religiosity depends on how secure individuals feel
People with less worldly security are more religious than trich
Europe vs america
America is religious because they lack the same level of insfrastructure as Europe
State welfare and religiosity
Gill and lundegaarde - the more a country spends on welfare, the less religious they are
Evaluation
Sees religion as a nagetaive response to marginality
Types
New religious movements
Wallis - 3 types
World rejecting
-
World accommodating
World affirming
Denomination and cult
Niebuhr
Denominations are in-between church and sects
Cults are least organised
Sects and cults
SECTS
Cults
Audience cults
Client cults
Cultic movements
Church and sect
Troeltch
Religiosity in social groups
Gender
Ethnicity
Age
Class
What
Substantive
Weber - Belief in the supernatural
Must involve god or supernatural
Western bias - doesn’t count buddhism as a religion
Functional
Durkheim - religion performs functions
Inclusive - involves wide range of beliefs
Constructionist
How members of society define religion
Aldridge - validity of religion can be contested by different parties - but doesn’t discount it
Marxist
Ideology
Distorts peoples perceptions reality to serve interests of ruling class
Marx - ideological weapon used to legitimate class division
False consciousness - christianity promises paradise for the poor
Lenin - spiritual gin - intoxicant to dole out the masses’ divine right of kinga
Alienation
Marx - workers are alienated from the production
Religion enriches spirits of alienated workers
Acts as an opiate to dull the pain of exploitation
Religion is the product and consolation for alienation
Evaluation
Ignores positive functions of religion
Neo marxism
Religion had little effect on peasantry
Religion and development
India
East Asia
Latin America
Religion and social protest
Civil rights movement
Rosa parks, dr martin Luther king
Church used for meeting
Used shared christian values to appeal
Bruce - ideological pressure
Taking moral high ground
Channeling dissent
Acting as honest broker
Mobilising public opinion
New Christian Right
Conservative Americans
Unsuccessful - isn’t universal
Strong opposition
In order to succeed it must relate to mainstream beliefa
Cultural defence
Poland
Iran
Feminist
Patriarchy
Religious organisations
Little female priests
Women can’t be imams
Places of worship
Women are cordoned off in mosques
Cannot enter when menstruating
Sacred texts
Cannot touch holy texts when menstruating
Religious laws and customs
Access to divorce
Decision making
Domestic roles
However
Karen Armstrong - older religions placed women at centre
Brusco - Pentecostal groups empower women in the private sphere
Gilliat ray - hijabs are empowering
Rinaldo - women in conservative faiths still find ways to empower through piety movements
Quakers revolutionary in women’s rights
Secularisation in Britain - Wilson
Stats
Church attendance has gone down
Faith schools only accepting baptised children
Decline in religious affiliation
Theories
Religion and social change
Secularisation
Religion renewal and choice
Religion in a global context
Organisations, movements and members
Ideology and science
Science
Ideology